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Presentation slides text content: "Nevsky Prospect" "All deception is all a dream. Everything is not what it seems. ”N.V. Gogol. Grade 10 St. Petersburg is a symbol of European Russia. It is called the Northern capital of our country. The city is built on the Neva River, therefore this great river is called the cradle of St. Petersburg. She not only predetermined the emergence of the port city, but became the basis of the volumetric-spatial composition. The main squares of the Northern capital are facing the Neva. One of the warships - the cruiser "Aurora" - found here "eternal anchorage." is a complex, and sometimes unique, engineering and architectural structure. Palaces, mansions, temples, apartment buildings in the city center - they all have their own unique history. The city is decorated with a large number of unique monuments. The architectural crown of the Northern capital is Palace Square. It is she who dominates the historical center of St. Petersburg. And the precious in themselves, highly artistic interiors of the Hermitage buildings keep the priceless creations of the human genius of all times and peoples. Since ancient times, poets, writers and artists have been striving to this city, since it was the literary and cultural center of Russia. And it is not surprising that Nikolai Gogol also dreamed of coming to Petersburg. Gogol in St. Petersburg In 1828, Gogol graduated from high school. Ahead - freedom, Petersburg, service. In December, the young man leaves for the capital. And finally, Petersburg, the city, which seemed to him majestic, immense, completely unlike anything else. "My God! Noise, thunder, shine, four-story walls are piled on both sides; ... bridges trembled; carriages flew; cabbies, posters shouted ... "This is how the blacksmith Vakula from the story" The Night Before Christmas "saw the capital. This is how Gogol probably imagined Petersburg. But the reality was not like a fairy tale. “Petersburg seemed to me not at all what I thought,” Gogol wrote disappointedly to his mother on January 3, 1829. “I imagined him more beautiful and splendid.” Why did NV Gogol become disillusioned with this city, and yet dedicated a whole cycle of “Petersburg Tales” to it? Maybe Nevsky Prospect will answer this question? The basis of "Nevsky Prospekt", as well as the entire cycle "Petersburg Tales" was formed by the impressions of St. Petersburg life of Gogol. The years passed in Gogol's life in St. Petersburg. The city struck him with pictures of deep social contradictions and tragic social contrasts. Behind the outward splendor of the capital, the writer more and more clearly distinguished the soullessness and predatory inhumanity of the octopus city, destroying the living souls of small, poor people, inhabitants of attics and basements. And so the capital presented itself to Gogol not as a slender, austere bulk, but as a heap of "thrown one on top of the other houses, thundering streets, seething commercialism, this ugly heap of fashions, parades, officials, wild northern nights, brilliance and low colorlessness." It was this kind of Petersburg that became the main hero of Gogol's Petersburg stories. Let's walk along the avenue with Gogol. Listen to the intonation of the author's narration: "There is nothing better than Nevsky Prospect, ... How does this beauty street of our capital not shine! .." What did you first of all feel in these episodes? What is the function of this episode in the whole story? - Pay attention to Gogol's magnificent satirical technique - to expose human complacency and insignificance. In fashionable frock coats, shiny uniforms, thousands of hats and dresses, noble arrogance, arrogance, stupidity and vulgarity are displayed for the reader. Careless idleness is the main feature of this street. “If you just climb onto Nevsky Prospekt, it smells like a walk.” - But there is another side of the street. It unfolds in the early Petersburg morning, when Nevsky Prospect is filled with completely different figures. - Depicting Nevsky Prospekt at different times of the day, Gogol characterizes the social strata of St. Petersburg. For Gogol, Nevsky Prospect is the personification of the whole of Petersburg, a city of contrasts, but the further, the more distinctly the satirical notes sound in this festive description of the false-ghostly splendor. The stories that happened to Piskarev and Pirogov are two main plot episodes, two parts of the overall picture of Nevsky Prospekt and St. Petersburg. They give a vivid idea of the complexity of the paintings in St. Petersburg, the vigilance and acuity of the writer's artistic vision. 1. Track and share how Piskarev's romantic illusions fail. 2. What is the significance of the traits of romantic irony, fantasy, grotesque in its history? 3. What is the semantic role of Piskarev's sleep? 4. What is the tragic meaning of Piskarev's story? Why does the author lead him to commit suicide? 5. Tell the story of Lieutenant Pirogov. 6. What is her compositional role in the story? 7. What role do Schiller and Hoffman play in Pirogov's story? How is the author's irony and grotesque manifested here? 8. Can Pirogov's story be considered a triumphant farce? Give reasons for your opinion. 9. Prove that Gogol's story is autobiographical and reflects his religious ideas about morality and ethics. At the end of the story, Gogol again returns to Nevsky Prospekt in order to tear off the beautiful veils from it and express all his hatred for the city with its venality and indifference to everything beautiful and to man. Petersburg in Gogol's story appears as a city of duality. The writer emphasizes the contradiction between his appearance and essence. The result of the lesson The Story affirms the author's idea that one cannot live only with romantic illusions, believe in pipe dreams. They will inevitably be destroyed by life itself. In life, there is a constant struggle between good and evil, darkness and light, and you need to learn to distinguish between them, to understand that a lot in life is deception, illusion. As on Nevsky Prospekt, in our life it is “the demon who lights the lamps in order to show everything not in its real form”. Only grotesque, fantasy can return everything to its true form, which restore and reveal the deep truth and contribute to its understanding. Homework Write a miniature essay "Petersburg through the eyes of Gogol's heroes".
Comparative characteristics of Piskarev and Pirogov (Based on the story of N. V. Gogol "Nevsky Prospect") Literature Lesson Grade 10
The purpose of the lesson is to make a comparative description of the heroes of NV Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospect"; identify the basic techniques for creating the characters of heroes; to trace how N.V. Gogol reveals universal human problems in the story.
The occupation of the heroes of the story Piskarev is an artist, which emphasizes the presence of creativity in a person who is not able to resist reality. Pirogov is an officer, his rank of lieutenant personifies power. He belongs to that class of people who suppress the personality.
Portraits of the heroes of the story "Nevsky Prospect" Piskarev Pirogov "mostly kind, meek ...," ... are considered scientists and shy, careless, loving educated; do not miss their quiet art "; "Modestly one public lecture"; “They like talking about their favorite subject”; in the play there are good poems, they are also very fond of "working with real pleasure to loudly call the actors"; over my work. "Have a special gift for making They often harbor a true laugh"; "Excellent talent"; recited poetry "; “He had a“ shy, timid, but in his soul a special art of letting smoke rings out to his who carried sparks of feeling ”; “Knew how to tell an anecdote”; “I was pleased with my rank”; "I was very flattered by this new dignity"
Characteristics of the heroes (persecution scene) Pirogov Piskarev "he moved away to a long distance, he looked around carelessly"; "Not hearing, not seeing, not listening"; "Trying to moderate the speed of his step himself"; "Sometimes he was overcome by doubt"; "His knees trembled" "did not stop pursuing, ... engaging with questions"; “Boldly made my way”; "Following the Russian rule, I decided to go forward"
Let's think it over! What character traits of the characters are revealed in these episodes? Piskarev with a stranger Pirogov and a blonde
The final of the pursuit of Piskarev “… I have no strength to endure it. He rushed out, losing his feelings and thoughts. His mind was clouded: stupidly, without a purpose, not seeing anything, not hearing, not feeling, he wandered ... "
The finale of Pirogov's pursuit "... ended somehow strangely: on the way he went into a pastry shop, ate ..., read it and left ..."; “A rather pleasant evening made him walk; ... he calmed down "; "Went to the evening ..., spent the evening with pleasure, distinguished himself in the mazurka ..."
Conclusion Piskarev is a man of pure soul, sincere feelings and actions. Pirogov is deprived of high ideals, he is a vulgar, spiritless person.
What technique does the author use in order to reveal more deeply the character of Piskarev? Sleep is this dream, the only opportunity for an artist to feel happy. Dreams replace reality for Piskarev.
Dreams of the artist Piskarev. Artist D. Kardovsky. 1904 “God, what a dream! And why wake up? ... ... ... Oh, how disgusting is reality! What is she against the dream? "" But now ... what a terrible life! God, what a life we are! the eternal strife of dream with substance! "
What do we learn about the character of the hero from dreams? Piskarev is a dreamer, his dreams of an ideal life. But his dreams are in conflict with reality. The artist's real life is tragic.
Why does NV Gogol not "give" Pirogov's dreams? Pirogov is a person deprived of a high spiritual life. Most likely, he does not see dreams, and if he does, the dreams reflect his real life. The real life of Pirogov, his actions sufficiently reveal the character of the hero, needs and interests.
The language and style of the narrative about the heroes Piskarev Pirogov The language of the narration is lyrical, conveying the state of mind of the hero.
Conclusions Reality Dream Piskarev Pirogov The images of Piskarev and Pirogov help the author to show two sides of one life: spiritual, dreamy, high and funny, low, focused on their needs.
Used Internet resources http: // www. a 4 format. ru / booktitles. php? lt = 195 & author = 26 & dtls_books = 1 & title = 991 & submenu = 5 http: // www. openclass. ru / node / 203002
Literature lesson in grade 10 based on the story of N.V. Gogol "Nevsky Prospect"
Topic: Truth and lies, reality and fantasy in the story "Nevsky Prospect" by Nikolai Gogol
Technology:problem learning
Target: to show students how the image of a ghostly, deceiving city, alien to a dreamy person, is drawn in Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospect"; to find out the essence of the opposition between the artist Piskarev and the lieutenant Pirogov.
Tasks:
Educational: to acquaint students with the peculiarities of the sound of the theme of St. Petersburg in Gogol's story "Nevsky Prospect"
Developing: develop the skills of independent work with a prosaic text, the ability to highlight the main thing, to determine the author's position; form speech culture
Educational: to promote the formation of civic and moral qualities of students
Preliminary homework:
According to the options, prepare a description of the artist Piskarev and Lieutenant Pirogov
Everything is deception, everything is a dream. Everything is not what it seems.
N.V. Gogol
During the classes:
1 Teacher's word.
In 1828 N.V. Gogol graduated from the Nizhyn gymnasium. Ahead is freedom, service, life in St. Petersburg. In December, the young man leaves for the capital. How did St. Petersburg appear to Gogol? Let us recall the lines from Gogol's famous story “The Night Before Christmas:“ My God! Noise, thunder, glitter, four-story walls are piled up on both sides; ... bridges trembled, carriages flew, cabbies, posters shouted ... "This is how the blacksmith Vakula saw the capital. This is probably how St. Petersburg and Gogol imagined. But the reality was not like a fairy tale. “Petersburg seemed to me not at all what I thought,” Gogol wrote disappointedly to his mother on January 3, 1829. "I imagined him more beautiful and more magnificent."
Why did Gogol become disillusioned with this city and nevertheless devote a whole cycle of Petersburg Tales to it? Perhaps Nevsky Prospect will help us to answer this question.
VG Belinsky wrote: "Such plays as" Nevsky Prospect "could be written not only by a person with great talent and an ingenious outlook on things, but also by a person who knows Petersburg firsthand." Indeed, the story is based on the impressions of the Petersburg life of the writer. The city struck him with pictures of deep social contradictions and tragic social contrasts. Behind the outward splendor of the capital, Gogol saw more and more clearly the soullessness and predatory inhumanity of the octopus city, destroying the living souls of little people.
2. Conversation on the fragment began the story "Almighty Nevsky". Creation of a problematic situation.
Teacher: How is the main street of St. Petersburg depicted? (shine, beauty, crowd)
Teacher: What time of day is Nevsky Prospekt shown? (early morning, noon and afternoon)
Teacher: Please note that the author's most detailed description of Nevsky Prospect is shown in the period from 2 to 3 hours. Why? (At this time, the mighty of this world are walking along the avenue, representatives of the aristocracy - those who represent the ceremonial showcase of the Russian Empire)
Teacher: How is it said about them in the story? (external attributes are underlined: sideburns, mustaches, dresses, scarves, ties, hats, etc.) And where are the people themselves?
Teacher: This is already a linguistic device - metonymy. For what purpose does the author use this technique? (this is a satire, allowing to expose human complacency, arrogance, careless idleness, concern for external beauty and disregard for internal beauty. These people are here not for business, but out of idleness).
Teacher: How did Gogol express this idea? ("As soon as you climb the Nevsky, it already smells of fun")
Teacher: But there is also another side of the street. When do we meet her? (We see her early in the morning. These are boys on parcels, peasants, footmen, beggars)
Conclusion 1: Portraying Nevsky Prospekt at different times of the day, Gogol characterizes all social strata of St. Petersburg. Therefore, Nevsky Prospect is the personification of St. Petersburg, a city of contrasts.
3. Formulation of the topic of the lesson.
Teacher: Drawing Nevsky Prospect, Gogol writes: "What a fast phantasmagoria occurs in it in one day!"
What is "phantasmagoria"? What is the lexical meaning of this word? Let's look at the dictionary:
PHANTASMAGORIA, -and,f ... "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by S. I. Ozhegov
A bizarre, unusual combination or play of light and shadow, colors, etc., a bizarre heap, a combination of smth.
Something unreal, ghostly, the creation of a dream, imagination.
Bizarre, amazing changes, transformations or extraordinary coincidences of circumstances, events.
Teacher: In what sense did the writer use this word? (in the second meaning). Based on their definitions, we will formulate the topic of the lesson: “Truth and lies, reality and fantasy in the story“ Nevsky Prospect ”.
Teacher: How is the image of a ghostly, deceiving city drawn in the story, except for the initial description? (The stories of the artist Piskarev and the lieutenant Pirogov). The stories that happened to young people are two main plot episodes, two parts of the overall picture of Nevsky Prospekt in St. Petersburg.
Work on the prepared homework.
Teacher: Consider the story of Piskarev.
What is ideal for Piskarev? (beauty in the world around him, because he is an artist)
What struck him in the guise of a stranger who met on the avenue? (grace, posture, hair, look)
Who actually turned out to be this girl? (an inhabitant of a cheap brothel)
Why is it so painful for Piskarev, why does he refuse to believe it? (this is the destruction of the ideal of beauty, for an artist it is unbearably difficult).
What is the role of Piskarev's dreams in the story? (in a dream, he sees his chosen one as he would like to see her: the best dressed, innocent beauty from a privileged society. Only waking up, the artist realizes that reality is terrible, and again he is forgotten in sleep. a world of illusions, but dreams and illusions cannot replace real life).
Why does Piskarev commit suicide? (a dream, an ideal has collapsed, and without an ideal his life is impossible, meaningless).
How do you feel about Piskarev? (I am sincerely sorry for him, he is a romantic, idealist, dreamer, it is extremely difficult for such a person to resist the terrible and formidable world of reality).
Teacher: Now let's turn to another hero - Lieutenant Pirogov.
What society does Pirogov belong to? Where can you often find him? (he is not an aristocrat, he has a lower officer rank, but he rotates among those who make up the top of society).
How and why does he succeed? (He has many talents: he knows how to maintain a conversation, knows how to look after ladies, is witty, an inveterate theater-goer, a decisive person who is not used to refusal).
What was Pirogov's “bold venture”? (he followed a blonde on Nevsky, and she turned out to be the wife of a German - a tinsmith)
Who are Schiller and Hoffmann? Are these names of the heroes accidental? (This is also a satirical technique. The names of famous German writers are borne by simple artisans)
How did Pirogov behave when he found out that the blonde was married? (He was not at all embarrassed by this. He found a reason to be in this house, in front of his husband showed signs of attention to the young woman and almost seduced her, for which he was beaten by a drunken Schiller and his friends and thrown into the street in disgrace)
How did Pirogov react to the insult? (at first he wanted to complain, write almost to the sovereign, but, passing by the pastry shop, he was tempted by delicious pies and calmed down, happily forgetting about what had happened)
What is the attitude towards Pirogov? (he is funny, more contemptuous than sympathetic)
Teacher: What do Piskarev and Pirogov have in common? (the similarity is only external - both ended up on Nevsky, both were carried away by pretty women, both were deceived, but reacted to it differently)
Conclusion 2: The images of Pirogov and Piskarev are associated with opposite moral principles in the characters of the heroes. The comic image of Pirogov is contrasted with the tragic image of Piskarev.
“Pirogov and Piskarev - what a contrast! Both of them began on the same day, in the same hour, in pursuit of their beauties, and how different the consequences of these persecutions were for both! One is in the grave, the other is content and happy even after unsuccessful red tape and terrible beatings. Oh, what a meaning is hidden in this contrast! And what an effect this contrast has! " - wrote V.G. Belinsky.
5. Discussion of the ideological meaning of the work. Work on the final excerpt "Oh, do not believe this Nevsky Prospect."
Teacher: At the end of the story, Gogol again returns to the conversation about Nevsky Prospekt. Why is this done by the author? (to tear off the beautiful veils from him and express his contempt for the city with its venality, rudeness, indifference to beauty and man).
Teacher: Gogol emphasizes the main contradiction of St. Petersburg - between the appearance and the true essence of the city - through the image of Nevsky Prospekt.
Teacher: What words in the ending of the story express the idea of the work? (this is the epigraph of the lesson)
Conclusion 3: The reality of St. Petersburg is deception, illusion, illusion.
6 Reflection.
Continue sentences:
Petersburg of Gogol….
It adjoins ...
The city has ... the atmosphere
Residents of the city ...
Petersburg deprived them ..., each person - ...
Teacher: What is valuable for us in Gogol's story, written in the 30s of the 19th century? What lesson do we learn from the work of the great writer? (the story affirms the author's idea that one cannot live with romantic illusions, believe in unrealizable dreams. They will inevitably be destroyed by life itself, because in life there is a constant struggle between good and evil, darkness and light, and you need to learn to distinguish them, understand that very much in life is deception, visibility, illusion).
Literature. Grade 10
Lesson number 2
Topic: The artist and the "scary world" in the story "Nevsky Prospect" by Nikolai Gogol.
I. Work on homework materials.
Please comment on the author's assessments in the description of Nevsky Prospect.
How does the episode outline the main problem and conflict of the whole story?
Prove that this description has features of romanticism and realism. Give examples.
What is the function of this episode throughout the story?
Tell us how Piskarev's romantic illusions fail.
What is the significance of the traits of romantic irony, fantasy, grotesque in its history?
What is the semantic role of Piskarev's sleep?
What is the tragic meaning of Piskarev's story? Why does the author lead him to commit suicide?
Tell the story of Lieutenant Pirogov. What is her compositional role in the story?
What role do Schiller and Hoffmann play in Pirogov's story? How is the author's irony and grotesque manifested here?
Can Pirogov's story be considered a triumphant farce? Give reasons for your opinion.
How are the principles of the romantic double world reflected in the story?
Prove that Gogol's story is autobiographical and reflects his religious ideas about morality and ethics?
The teacher sums up the results.
A cross-cutting theme of Petersburg stories is the deceitfulness of the outward splendor of metropolitan life, its imaginary splendor, behind which is hidden a base and vulgar prose. "Oh, do not believe this Nevsky Prospect. Everything is deception, everything is a dream, everything is not what it seems!" These words from the story "Nevsky Prospect" can be put as an epigraph to the entire St. Petersburg cycle.
Instead of people, “sideburns, hats, waists, ladies' sleeves, dandy frock coats, Greek noses, a pair of pretty eyes, a leg in a charming shoe, a tie that arouses surprise, a mustache plunging into amazement,” move along Nevsky Prospekt (“Nevsky Prospekt”). n. The unspiritual world became dead and disintegrated into details, things. A person is replaced by the object of his toilet. When a high spirit leaves the world, the hierarchy of values is violated in it - and everything crumbles and falls into a formless heap. Man can no longer distinguish good from evil, high from low. He loses the integrity of perception, loses orientation.
Petersburg romantic dreamer, artist Piskarev, it seems that “some demon crushed the whole world into many pieces and mixed all these pieces without meaning, uselessly together” - “sparkling ladies' shoulders and black tailcoats, chandeliers, lamps, flying gases, on-air tapes and a thick double bass peeking out from the railing of the magnificent choirs - everything was brilliant for him. " But this is the brilliance of chaos, reflecting the absurdity of a world that has lost its meaning, has lost the spiritual vertical that organizes it.
In the phantasmagoria of Petersburg life, everything is confused and displaced, ideas about beauty are perverted. The artist Piskarev finds angelic beauty where she never slept, in the pitiful arrogance and stupid vulgarity of a corrupt woman.
The "romance" Piskarev is opposed to the "realist" Pirogov, who is a prisoner of the vulgarity that surrounds him. The very antithesis of the two heroes - Pirogov and Piskarev - turns out to be imaginary. “He lies at all times, this Nevsky Prospect, but most of all when the night thickens over him and separates the white and yellow walls of houses, when the whole city turns into thunder and shine, myriads of carriages fall from bridges, posters scream and jump on horses, and when the demon himself lights the lamps in order to show everything not in its real form. "
The substitution of imaginary values for genuine values leads to the destruction of the Divine image in a person.
Assignment for home: Pages 84-89. Answer questions about the story "The Nose".
What is the reality of the beginning of the story?
Where did Major Kovalev like to walk?
What words describe Major Kovalev's favorite places?
What is the reality of the people "inhabiting" the pages of the story? Give the signs of the real life of real people.
What unrealistic events serve as the starting point for Major Kovalev's story?
How are further events related to the nose unfolding?
Why was Major Kovalev upset and upset?
Are the heroes of the story surprised that all this could have happened not with a real person, but with a separate part of his face?
Tatyana Alekseevna KALGANOVA (1941) - Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Institute for Advanced Studies and Retraining of Public Education Workers of the Moscow Region; author of many works on the methodology of teaching literature at school.
Study of the story of N.V. Gogol "Nevsky Prospect" in the 10th grade
Teacher Working Materials
From the history of the creation of the story
"Nevsky Prospect" was first published in the collection "Arabesques" (1835), highly appreciated by V.G. Belinsky. Gogol began working on the story during the creation of Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka (about 1831). His notebook contains sketches of "Nevsky Prospekt" together with rough notes of "The Night Before Christmas" and "Portrait".
Gogol's stories "Nevsky Prospect", "Notes of a Madman", "Portrait" (1835), "Nose" (1836), "Overcoat" (1842) belong to the cycle of Petersburg stories. The writer himself did not combine them into a special cycle. All of them were written at different times, do not have a common narrator or fictional publisher, but entered Russian literature and culture as an artistic whole, as a cycle. This happened because the stories are united by a common theme (the life of St. Petersburg), problems (reflection of social contradictions), the similarity of the main character ("little man"), the integrity of the author's position (satirical exposure of the vices of people and society).
The subject of the story
The main theme of the story is the life of St. Petersburg and the fate of the “little man” in a big city with its social contrasts that cause discord between ideas about the ideal and reality. Together with the main topic, the topics of indifference of people, the substitution of spirituality with mercantile interests, the venality of love, the harmful effect of drugs on a person are revealed.
The plot and composition of the story
Find out during the conversation. Sample questions.
What is the role of the description of Nevsky Prospekt at the beginning of the story?
What moment is the plot of the action?
What is the fate of Piskarev?
What is the fate of Pirogov?
What role does the description of Nevsky Prospect play in the ending of the story?
Gogol combines in the story the portrayal of the general, typical aspects of the life of a big city with the fate of individual heroes. The general picture of the life of St. Petersburg is revealed in the description of Nevsky Prospect, as well as in the author's generalizations along the way. Thus, the fate of the hero is given in the general movement of the life of the city.
The description of Nevsky Prospekt at the beginning of the story is an exposition. The unexpected exclamation of Lieutenant Pirogov, addressed to Piskarev, their dialogue and following the beautiful strangers - the plot of the action with two contrasting denouements. The story ends with a description of Nevsky Prospekt and the author's reasoning about it, which is a compositional technique containing both a generalization and a conclusion that reveals the idea of the story.
Description of Nevsky Prospect
Considered during the conversation. Sample questions.
What role does Nevsky Prospect play in the life of the city, how does the author feel about it?
How are the social contrasts and disunity of the city dwellers shown?
How is the discrepancy between the ostentatious side of the life of the nobility and its true essence revealed? What qualities of people does the author make fun of?
How does the demon motive arise in the description of the evening Nevsky Prospect at the beginning of the story? How is it continued in the further story?
How are the descriptions of Nevsky Prospekt connected at the beginning of the story and in the ending?
The author begins the narration with solemnly upbeat phrases about Nevsky Prospekt and notes that this is “general communication of St. Petersburg”, a place where you can get “correct news” better than in a calendar address or in a referral service, this is a place for walking, this is an “exhibition all the best works of man ”. At the same time, Nevsky Prospekt is a mirror of the capital, which reflects its life, it is the personification of the whole of St. Petersburg with its striking contrasts.
Literary critics believe that the description of Nevsky Prospect at the beginning of the story is a kind of "physiological" sketch of St. Petersburg. His image at different times of the day allows the author to characterize the social structure of the city. First of all, he singles out ordinary people-workers, on whom all life rests, and for them Nevsky Prospect is not a goal, “it only serves as a means”.
The common people are opposed to the nobility, for whom Nevsky Prospekt is the goal - this is a place where you can show yourself. The story of the “pedagogical” Nevsky Prospect with the “governors of all nations” and their pupils, as well as nobles and officials walking along the avenue, is permeated with irony.
Showing the falsity of Nevsky Prospect, the seamy side of life hiding behind its ceremonial view, its tragic side, exposing the emptiness of the inner world of those walking on it, their hypocrisy, the author uses ironic pathetics. This is emphasized by the fact that instead of people, the details of their appearance or clothing act: “Here you will find a wonderful mustache, incomprehensible with no feather, no brush<...>Thousands of varieties of hats, dresses, scarves<...>Here you will find waistlines that you have never dreamed of.<...>And what long sleeves you will find ”.
The description of the avenue is given in a realistic sense, at the same time the story of the changes on the Nevsky is preceded by the phrase: “What a fast phantasmagoria is happening on it in just one day”. The illusory, deceptiveness of the evening Nevsky Prospect is explained not only by the twilight, the bizarre light of lanterns and lamps, but also by the action of an unaccountable, mysterious force influencing a person: something extremely unaccountable; everyone's steps speed up and become generally very uneven. Long shadows flicker along the walls of the pavement and almost reach the Police Bridge with their heads. " So the description of Nevsky Prospekt includes fantasy and the motive of the demon.
The feelings and actions of the hero are explained, it would seem, by his psychological state, but they can also be perceived as the actions of a demon: “... The beauty looked around, and it seemed to him as if a slight smile flashed on her lips. He trembled all over and could not believe his eyes<...>The sidewalk rushed under him, carriages with galloping horses seemed motionless, the bridge stretched and broke on its arch, the house stood with its roof down, the booth fell towards him, and the sentry’s halberd, together with the golden words of the signboard and painted scissors, glittered, it seemed, on his very eyelash eye. And all this was produced by one glance, one turn of the pretty head. Not hearing, not seeing, not listening, he rushed along the light tracks of beautiful legs ... "
Piskarev's fantastic dream can be explained in the same way in two ways: “The extraordinary diversity of faces led him into complete confusion; it seemed to him that some demon crushed the whole world into many different pieces and mixed all these pieces without meaning, uselessly ”.
In the finale of the story, the demon's motive manifests itself openly: the source of lies and falsity of the incomprehensible game with the fate of people, according to the author, is the demon: “Oh, do not believe this Nevsky Prospect!<...>Everything is deception, everything is a dream, everything is not what it seems!<...>He lies at all times, this Nevsky Prospect, but most of all, when the night thickens over him and separates the white and yellow walls of houses, when the whole city turns into thunder and shine, myriads of carriages fall from bridges, posters shout and jump on horses and when the demon himself lights the lamps in order to show everything in an unreal form ”.
Artist Piskarev
Sample questions for a conversation.
Why did Piskarev go after the girl? How does the author convey his feeling?
Who was the girl? Why did Piskarev flee from the "disgusting asylum"?
How does a girl's appearance change?
Why did Piskarev prefer real life to illusions? Could illusions replace real life for him?
How did Piskarev die, why is he wrong in his insane act?
Piskarev is a young man, an artist, belongs to the people of art, and this is his singularity. The author says that he belongs to the "class" of artists, to the "strange estate", thereby emphasizing the typical character of the hero.
Like other young artists of St. Petersburg, the author characterizes Piskarev as a poor man who lives in a small room, content with what he has, but striving for wealth. This is “a quiet, timid, modest, childishly simple-minded person, carrying a spark of talent, perhaps, over time, flared up widely and brightly”, a person. The hero's surname emphasizes his commonness, reminds of the type of “little man” in literature.
Piskarev believes in the harmony of goodness and beauty, pure, sincere love, lofty ideals. He followed the stranger only because he saw in her the ideal of beauty and purity, she reminded him of “Peruginova Bianca”. But the beautiful stranger turned out to be a prostitute, and Piskarev tragically experiences the collapse of ideals. The charm of beauty and innocence turned out to be a hoax. Merciless reality destroyed his dreams, and the artist fled from a disgusting shelter, where he was led by a seventeen-year-old beauty, whose beauty, which did not have time to fade from debauchery, did not combine with a smile filled with “some pathetic impudence,” everything she said was “ stupid and vulgar<...>as if, together with the purity, the mind of man leaves. "
The author, sharing the shocked feeling of Piskarev, writes with bitterness: “... A woman, this beauty of the world, the crown of creation, turned into some strange ambiguous creature, where she, along with the purity of her soul, lost all feminine and disgustingly appropriated the grip and impudence of a man and has already ceased to be that weak, that beautiful and so different from us being ”.
Piskarev is unable to bear the fact that the beauty of a woman who gives the world a new life can be an object of trade, because this is a desecration of beauty, love and humanity. He was possessed by a feeling of “tearing pity,” the author notes, and explains: “Indeed, never does pity take over us so much as at the sight of beauty touched by the pernicious breath of debauchery. Let the ugliness be friends with him, but beauty, tender beauty ... she merges in our thoughts with only one purity and purity ”.
Being in strong psychological stress, Piskarev sees a dream in which his beauty appears as a socialite trying to explain the visit to the orphanage with her secret. The dream inspired Piskarev with hope, which was destroyed by the cruel and vulgar side of life: "The desired image appeared to him almost every day, always in a position opposite to reality, because his thoughts were completely pure, like the thoughts of a child." Therefore, he artificially tries, taking a drug, to go into the world of dreams and illusions. However, dreams and illusions cannot replace real life.
The dream of quiet happiness in a country house, of a modest life provided for by one's own labor, was rejected by the fallen beauty. “How can you! - she interrupted her speech with an expression of some kind of contempt. “I’m not a laundress or a seamstress to do the work.” Assessing the situation, the author says: "These words expressed the whole low, despicable life, a life full of emptiness and idleness, faithful companions of debauchery." And further, in the author's thoughts about the beauty, the demon motive again arises: "... She was some terrible will of the hellish spirit, eager to destroy the harmony of life, thrown with laughter into his abyss." During the time that the artist did not see the girl, she changed for the worse - sleepless nights of debauchery, drunkenness reflected on her face.
The poor artist could not survive, in the words of the author, "the eternal discord between dream and substance." He could not stand the collision with the harsh reality, the drug completely destroyed his psyche, deprived him of the opportunity to do work, to resist fate. Piskarev commits suicide. He is wrong in this insane act: the Christian religion considers life the greatest good, and suicide a great sin. Also, from the point of view of secular morality, deprivation of life is unacceptable - it is a passive form of resolving life contradictions, for an active person can always find a way out of the most difficult, seemingly insoluble situations.
Lieutenant Pirogov
Sample questions for a conversation.
Why did Pirogov go after the blonde?
Where did Pirogov go after the beauty, who did she turn out to be?
Why is Pirogov caring for a married lady?
What is being ridiculed in the image of Schiller?
How does Pirogov's story end?
What is ridiculed in the image of Pirogov, how does the author do it?
What is the meaning of comparing the images of Piskarev and Pirogov?
About Lieutenant Pirogov, the author says that officers like him make up “in Petersburg some kind of middle class of society,” emphasizing the typical character of the hero. Talking about these officers, the author, of course, characterizes Pirogov. 
In their circle they are considered educated people, because they know how to entertain women, like to talk about literature: “They praise Bulgarin, Pushkin and Grech and speak with contempt and witty barbs about AA. Orlove ”, that is, they put Pushkin and Bulgarin on a par, the author notes ironically. They go to the theater to show themselves. Their life goal is “to curry favor with the rank of colonel,” to achieve a secured position. They usually "marry a merchant's daughter who knows how to play the piano, with a hundred thousand or so cash and a bunch of bradish relatives."
Describing Pirogov, the author talks about his talents, in fact, reveals such features as careerism, narrow-mindedness, arrogance, self-confident vulgarity, the desire to imitate what is in vogue with a select audience.
Love for Pirogov is just an interesting adventure, an "affair" that you can brag about to your friends. The lieutenant, not at all embarrassed, rather vulgarly looks after the wife of the artisan Schiller and is sure that "his courtesy and brilliant rank give him every right to her attention." He does not at all bother himself with thoughts about life's problems, he strives for pleasure.
The test of Pirogov's honor and dignity was the "section" to which Schiller subjected him. Quickly forgetting his insult, he discovered a complete lack of human dignity: “I spent the evening with pleasure and distinguished himself in the mazurka so much that he delighted not only the ladies, but even the gentlemen”.
The images of Pirogov and Piskarev are associated with opposite moral principles in the characters of the heroes. The comic image of Pirogov is contrasted with the tragic image of Piskarev. “Piskarev and Pirogov - what a contrast! Both of them began on the same day, in one hour, in pursuit of their beauties, and how different the consequences of these persecutions were for both of them! Oh, what a meaning is hidden in this contrast! And what an effect this contrast has! ” - wrote V.G. Belinsky.
Schiller, tinsmith
Images of German artisans - the tin work of the master Schiller, the shoemaker Hoffmann, the carpenter Kunz - complement the social picture of St. Petersburg. Schiller is the embodiment of commercialism. The accumulation of money is the goal of this artisan's life, therefore, strict calculation, limitation of himself in everything, suppression of sincere human feelings determine his behavior. At the same time, jealousy awakens a sense of dignity in Schiller, and he, being drunk, not thinking at this moment about the consequences, together with his friends, whipped Pirogov.
In the draft version, the name of the hero was Palitrin.
This refers to the painting of the artist Perugino (1446-1524), the teacher of Raphael.
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