"Crime and Punishment" is an acute social and psychological work in which Dostoevsky shows the possible causes of the crime, the state of the hero before preparing for it, and then, after committing the atrocity. It also shows the hero's path to repentance. The novel is multifaceted, it shows the complex fates of other heroes. The work shows the existence of the poorest strata of the urban community, the process of its stratification.

Rodion Raskolnikov- the protagonist of "Crime and Punishment", a student. He was very poor, owed the landlady. He dressed badly and because of that he was very complex, felt self-doubt. Raskolnikov was a noble man. Deep down, he condemned Marmeladov and his wife for accepting Sonya's sacrifice. “A scoundrel is a person - he gets used to everything. He himself refuses to accept Dunya's self-sacrifice. He feels that his mother is restless, as if making excuses to him. He understands that Dunya does not like Luzhin and does not want her to marry this "Business Man".

Raskolnikov's act was influenced by several factors, which in some incomprehensible way came together:

• a conversation he overheard in a tavern, where a student expressed to his friend the idea of ​​the uselessness of the old woman and the need to kill her.
• Meeting with Lizaveta on the Haymarket, where he wandered by accident.

Alena Ivanovna- the widow of the collegiate registrar, an old money-lender. Angry, capricious, Gives four times less than the thing is worth, and takes five or even seven percent a month, etc. Raskolnikov brought his things to her as a pledge, and lived this way until his mother could send him money.

Lisaveta Ivanovna, her sister, who lived with Alena Ivanovna. An old maid 35 years old, tall, timid, awkward. She worked day and night for her older sister.

Marmeladov- "looked like a retired official." Titular Counselor. A weak-willed and weak-willed drunkard. He was hired on the condition that he quit drinking, but he only lasted until the first paycheck. And he broke again.

Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov's wife, a terribly thin woman, thin, rather tall and slender, still with beautiful dark blond hair and indeed with flushed cheeks. A sick woman, embittered from poverty and hardship, and with her stepdaughter behaved like the most vicious stepmother. Brutally, and reproached with a piece of bread. And when Sonya sold her virginity and brought 30 rubles, Katerina Ivanovna repented to the girl that pushed her to this step. Katerina Ivanovna is not one of those who faint from trifles. When the crushed husband was brought, she, despite her illness and weakness, put a pillow under his head, began to undress and examine him. She behaved in a businesslike and collected manner.

Sofya Semyonovna, Marmeladov's own daughter- unrequited and her voice is so meek ... fair-haired, her face is always pale, thin. Tired of reproaches from her stepmother, she decided to sell herself. She was a very young girl, almost like a girl, with a modest and decent manner, with a clear, but as if somewhat intimidated face.

Nastasya- a cook and a maid. The woman sympathized with Rodion, secretly fed him from the hostess.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova - Mother of Rodion. The woman is devout, kind. As far as she could, she supported her son with money in his studies. Pulcheria Alexandrovna was 43 years old, her face retained traces of its former attractiveness. The woman seemed younger than her years. She retained the clarity of spirit, the true warmth of the heart and the freshness of impressions. Pulcheria Alexandrovna was timid and compliant, but up to certain limits.

Avdotya Romanovna, Dunya - Raskolnikov's sister - the girl is firm, prudent, patient and generous, albeit with an ardent heart. Dunya is strong in spirit. Tonga has steadfastly bore down on all the charges against her. She worked as a maid in the house of the merchant Svidrigailov, who began to offer her intimate relationships, but Dunya rejected him. Dunya, like Sonechka Marmeladova, is ready to sacrifice herself for the sake of her mother and brother, and to marry Luzhin. Dunya was tall, slender and self-confident. Her self-confidence was expressed in her every gesture, however, she was not devoid of softness and grace. She looked like her brother, and she could be called beautiful. Her hair was dark blond, a little lighter than her brother's; eyes are almost black, sparkling, proud and at the same time sometimes, for minutes, unusually kind. Her face was radiant with freshness and health, her mouth was small, and her lower lip protruded slightly forward, which gave her face some piquancy.

Petr Petrovich Luzhin- court counselor. He is a trustworthy and wealthy person, serves in two places and already has his own capital. True, he is already forty-five years old, but he is quite pleasant in appearance and can still be liked by women, and in general he is a very solid and decent man, only a little gloomy and, as it were, arrogant. But behind the outer mask of a respectable person, self-interest and meanness are hidden. He doesn't like Dunya at all. But in her he is attracted by the opportunity to get a slave wife. For the sake of the bride and his mother, Luzhin did not deserve to spend money on travel and adequate housing. He slandered Sonechka Marmeladova, accusing her of theft, slandered Rodion.

Razumikhin, or Dmitry Prokofievich Vrazumikhin- Comrade Raskolnikov. He was an unusually cheerful and communicative guy, kind to the point of simplicity. However, this simplicity hid both depth and dignity. He was not stupid, he found opportunities to earn his livelihood. He was infinitely patient, and under no circumstances gave up. At the moment he was forced to leave his studies, but sought opportunities and funds to continue his studies. Razumikhin fell in love with Avdotya Romanovna at first sight.

Porfiry Petrovich- an investigator, a decent person, intelligent, perceptive. With his life experience and knowledge, he was able to understand and unravel which of Alena Ivanovna's pawns was the killer.

The further fate of the main characters of the novel is interesting. Rodion Raskolnikov was sentenced to 8 years in hard labor. Sonya followed him. The convicts fell in love with her as if they were their own. She wrote letters to them home, visiting wives, mistresses, mothers, leaving her money and things for their men. In the second year of his hard labor life in Rodion, a spiritual renewal took place, he began to look to the future with hope, the meaning of life appeared.

Dunya married Razumikhin. Thanks to Sonya, who wrote to them every month, they knew about the fate and state of mind of Rodion.

The distinctive features of the great Russian writer Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky are depth, penetration, moral strength, and it is not without reason that the philosophical trend of "soil culture" originated from him. The socio-philosophical novel "Crime and Punishment" is a popular and well-known masterpiece of Dostoevsky not only in Russia, but also in the world.

The novel is a vivid and true reflection of the life of Russian society in the mid-nineteenth century - poverty, alcoholism, girls of poor families forced to live on a yellow ticket (Sonya

Marmeladova), the chaos of usurers (the old woman-usurer Alyona Ivanovna). The novel reveals to the reader all corners and nooks of the then life, sometimes cruel and gloomy. Following Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, we see dozens of human destinies, all sides of Russian reality, different people - "trembling creatures" and "having power".

The names and surnames of the main characters of the novel are “speaking” - from the first reading the reader easily develops a definite opinion about the personality and character of these characters.

The protagonist of the socio-philosophical novel "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich

Dostoevsky is Rodion Raskolnikov, a former student living in deep poverty. Rodion is smart, kind. He observes the society around him, sees the suffering of people, reflects on the social order. Surrounded by poverty and human grief, Raskolnikov creates an inhuman theory.

The speaking surname Raskolnikov came from the word "split", those who separated, rejected the mainstream, are called schismatics. Rodion, like the schismatics, rejected moral laws, invented his own moral theory, which was contrary to life. He was split off from all groups and strata, from all currents and laws. His subsequent repentance, understanding of the entire gravity of the crime split his soul, introduced a contradiction between mind and soul, theory and life.

The collapse of the theory for Rodion meant the collapse of everything, all life attitudes. He is now separated from society, from now on he is a schismatic. If not for Sonya Marmaledova, Raskolnikov would not have been able to live on. Sonya is the daughter of Marmeladov, a pure girl, timid, as her last name says, but a believer, spiritually rich, even for a long time working on a yellow ticket (engaging in prostitution), she did not lose her purity of soul. Sonya showed Rodion her "truth" - goodness, faith in people and God, sincerity. The name Sophia was not chosen by Dostoevsky by chance. Saint Sophia is the mother of the saints Faith, Hope, and Love - martyrs who were brought up by their mother in the spirit of Christian values ​​and who suffered terrible suffering from the Roman authorities. So Sonya Marmeladova "brought up" Raskolnikov, showed him a righteous life according to Christian precepts, the value and goodness of faith in God. She, like the ancient martyrs, fighters for the faith, did not grow cloudy in soul, even doing an impious occupation for the sake of survival.

Andrey Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov is a young man full of ideas and theories. He does not differ in intelligence, therefore all his social and philosophical reflections are timid and often stupid. At the same time, Andrei Semyonovich wants to show himself as an intelligent person and admires new, unusual social theories, such as, for example, the construction of communes. Here we can see the analogy of Lebezyatnikov's surname with the word "fawning" - to curry favor.

Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin is a friend of Raskolnikov, just like him, a former student. You can easily see the analogy of his name with the word "mind". Razumikhin sincerely cares about his friend Rodion, gives him wise advice. Dmitry Prokofievich is a strong, rational personality.

Zametov Alexander Grigorievich - clerk, police officer. You can trace the analogy of his surname with the words "note", "notice". He was a shrewd man and suspected Raskolnikov of murder, tried to tease him, but at the same time did not open all the cards.

Mid 19th century. Poor area of ​​St. Petersburg, adjacent to the Yekaterinensky Canal and Sennaya Square ("Crime and Punishment": the image of St. Petersburg "- a separate interesting topic.) Summer evening. Raskolnikov Rodion Romanovich, a former student, leaves his little room in the attic and goes to Alena Ivanovna, the old woman-pawnbroker, in order to carry the mortgage - her last valuable thing. ”This is how Dostoevsky begins" Crime and Punishment ", a brief summary of which we describe.

The main character intends to kill this old woman. Rodion enters one of the cheap taverns on his way back. Here he accidentally meets a drunken official Marmeladov who has lost his job. He tells Rodion how her husband's drunkenness, poverty and consumption pushed Katerina Ivanovna, his wife, to a cruel act - to send Sonya, his daughter from his first marriage, to the panel to earn money.

Thought of murder

Raskolnikov the next morning receives a letter from his mother from the provinces describing the troubles that Dunya, his younger sister, endured in the house of Svidrigailov, a depraved landowner. He also learns that his sister and mother will soon arrive in St. Petersburg, since there is a groom for Dunya. This is Luzhin, a calculating businessman who wants to build a marriage not on love, but on the dependence and poverty of the bride. Raskolnikov's mother hopes that this man will help Rodion graduate from the university. Thinking about the sacrifices that Dunya and Sonya make for their loved ones, Raskolnikov affirms his intention to kill Alena Ivanovna - this is an evil useless "louse". After all, her money will save many young men and women from the undeserved suffering. But in Rodion's soul, aversion to violence rises again after the dream that he sees. This is a memory of childhood: Raskolnikov sees how a nag is beaten to death, and the boy's heart is overflowing with pity for her.

Raskolnikov commits the murder of Alena Ivanovna and Lizaveta

Rodion still kills not only Alena Ivanovna, but also Lizaveta, her meek, kind sister, who unexpectedly returned to the apartment. Miraculously leaving unnoticed, Raskolnikov hides the stolen goods in a random place, without even assessing its value.

The novel "Crime and Punishment" continues with the fact that soon the protagonist discovers with horror alienation between himself and others. Raskolnikov falls ill from the experience, but he cannot reject the burdensome concerns of Razumikhin (a university friend). From a conversation with the doctor of the latter, the main character learns that the painter Mikolka has been arrested on suspicion of the murder of Alena Ivanovna. This is an ordinary country boy. Reacting painfully to conversations about a committed crime, Rodion arouses suspicion among those around him.

Luzhin's visit

Luzhin, who has come on a visit, is shocked by the furnishings of Rodion's closet. Their conversation gradually develops into a quarrel, after which it ends in a break. Raskolnikov is particularly offended by the closeness of the conclusions that Luzhin draws from "reasonable egoism" - the protagonist's own "theory" that it is possible to kill people. Luzhin's theory seems vulgar to him.

Raskolnikov gives money to Marmeladov

A sick young man, wandering around St. Petersburg, suffers, feeling alienated from the world. At this time, the image of St. Petersburg, which periodically appears in the novel, reappears in the work "Crime and Punishment". The main character was already ready to confess his crime to the authorities. Suddenly, in the novel Crime and Punishment, Raskolnikov notices a man crushed by a carriage. This is Marmeladov. Out of compassion, Rodion spends his last money on the dying man: the doctor is called, Marmeladov is transferred to the house. Here Raskolnikov meets Sonya and Katerina Ivanovna. Sonia, dressed as a prostitute, says goodbye to her father. The protagonist of the novel "Crime and Punishment" Marmeladov helped and thanks to this good deed felt for a short time community with people. But, having met his sister and mother at his apartment, he suddenly realizes himself "dead" for the love of his relatives and drives them away rudely. Raskolnikov is alone again. He hopes to get closer to Sonya, who, like himself, has "overstepped" the absolute commandment.

Raskolnikov's visit to the investigator, his "theory"

Razumikhin takes care of Rodion's family. He falls in love with Dunya almost at first sight. The offended Luzhin, meanwhile, confronts a bride with a choice: either his brother or he. Rodion, as if in order to learn about the fate of the things laid with the murdered woman, but in fact - to dispel the suspicions of some of his acquaintances, asks himself to meet with the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who is leading the case of Alena Ivanovna's murder. Porfiry recalls Rodion's article "On the Crime" recently published in the newspaper. He invites the author to explain the theory in which the idea of ​​"two categories of people" develops. According to Raskolnikov, the "ordinary" majority is only material for the reproduction of the population. He needs strict moral law and obedience. This category is "trembling creatures". There are also "higher" (actually people) who have the gift of "new word". These people, in the name of the best, destroy the present, even if it is necessary for this to "overstep" the moral norms established earlier for the "lower", for example, to kill a person. Then these "criminals" become the creators of new laws. That is, not recognizing the laws that are spoken of in the Bible ("do not steal," "do not kill", etc.), Raskolnikov thereby "allows" some people to shed "blood according to their conscience." Porfiry, intelligent and perceptive, in the hero unravels the ideological killer who claims to be Napoleon. However, the investigator has no evidence against Rodion - and he lets him go in the hope that good nature will prevail in him. This will lead to the fact that Raskolnikov himself confesses to what he had done.

The hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment", according to the chapters described by us, gradually becomes more and more convinced that he made a mistake in himself. Rodion suffers from the "meanness" and "vulgarity" of a single murder. He understands that he is a "trembling creature": having killed, he could not cross the law of morality. The motives of the crime in Rodion's mind are twofold: it is both an act of "justice" and a test "for the highest category" of himself.

Meeting with Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov, who came to St. Petersburg after Dunya, who was apparently guilty of the recent death of his wife, meets Rodion Raskolnikov and says that they are "of the same fruit field," only Rodion has not yet completely "defeated Schiller" in himself. Raskolnikov, with all his disgust for this man, is attracted by his apparent ability to enjoy life, although Svidrigailov, the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment," committed so many crimes ... The characterization of this character is presented below, after a brief summary.

Luzhin's exposure

A decisive explanation with Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin takes place during dinner in one of the cheap rooms. Luzhin, one of two "doubles" of Raskolnikov in the novel "Crime and Punishment", settled Dunya and his mother here out of economy. An analysis of the character of this hero is also presented at the end of the article. The groom is convicted of slandering Sonya and Raskolnikov. Luzhin allegedly gave Sonya money for base services, which were collected selflessly by his mother for his studies. The groom, expelled in disgrace, seeks a way to discredit Rodion in the eyes of his mother and sister.

Raskolnikov visits Sonya

Meanwhile, Raskolnikov, feeling again a painful alienation from his loved ones, decides to come to Sonya. He seeks salvation from loneliness from this girl who has transgressed the commandment. However, Sonya is not alone. For the sake of others (hungry sisters and brothers), she sacrificed herself. This was not done to her for her own sake, like Rodion. Compassion for loved ones, love, faith in God never left Sonya. She reads the gospel lines to the main character about how Jesus raised Lazarus, hoping that a miracle will happen in her life. The hero fails to captivate Sonya with his "Napoleonic" idea of ​​domination over the "anthill".

Second meeting with Porfiry

Rodion, tormented by both the desire for exposure and fear, comes back to Porfiry, allegedly worrying about the mortgage. In the end, at first glance, an abstract conversation on the psychology of criminals brings the young man to a nervous breakdown. He practically betrays himself to Porfiry. Rodion is saved by the unexpected confession of the painter Mikolka in the murder of the usurer.

Luzhin's second exposure

The funerals for father and husband were held in the Marmeladovs' room. During them, Katerina Ivanovna insults the landlady in a fit of painful pride. This woman tells her to move out immediately with the children. Suddenly Luzhin, who lives in the same house, appears and says that Sonya stole a hundred-ruble note from him. The girl's "fault" has been proven: money is found in her apron pocket. In the eyes of those around her, she is now also a thief. However, suddenly there is a witness who says that Luzhin himself slipped a piece of paper to Sonya. The slanderer is ashamed, and Raskolnikov explains the reasons for his act as follows: having humiliated Sonya and his brother in the eyes of Dunya, he wanted to return the favor of his bride.

Raskolnikov confesses to Sonya's murder

"Crime and Punishment" in chapters continues with the fact that Rodion confesses to Sonya in the murder. It happens in the following way. Raskolnikov goes to her apartment. Here the hero confesses to Sonya that he killed Lizaveta and the old woman. The girl regrets Rodion for the moral torments to which he doomed himself. She offers Raskolnikov to atone for his guilt with hard labor, confessing everything voluntarily. Rodion, however, laments only that he turned out to be a "trembling creature", with a need for love and conscience. He replies: "I will still fight." Meanwhile, Katerina Ivanovna finds herself on the street with her children. She dies of throat bleeding, abandoning the priest. Svidrigailov, who is present here, agrees to pay for the funeral, as well as provide for Sonya and the children.

Raskolnikov finds Porfiry at home, who convinces him to confess. The investigator does not believe that Mikolka is to blame. He only "accepted suffering", following the age-old people's need for atonement for the sin of non-conformity with Christ, his ideal.

However, Rodion still hopes to "transcend" morality. He sees before him the example of Svidrigailov. The sad truth is revealed to the hero by their meeting in the tavern: the life of this "villain" is empty and painful.

The only hope for Svidrigailov to return to God is Dunya's reciprocity. Convinced that the girl does not love him, he commits suicide a few hours later. So this hero is removed from the work "Crime and Punishment". An analysis of this character will be done at the end of the article.

Raskolnikov decides to confess and says goodbye before that to Sonya and family. He still remains convinced that his "theory" is correct. Rodion is filled with self-contempt. But, at the insistence of Sonya, Raskolnikov kisses the earth in repentance in front of the people, since he "sinned" in front of her. He learns in the police office that Svidrigailov committed suicide, after which he confesses to the murder of Alena Ivanovna.

Raskolnikov in Siberia

Continuing his novel Dostoevsky ("Crime and Punishment"). A summary of the events that took place in the epilogue of the work is as follows. Raskolnikov in Siberia, in prison. His mother died of grief, and Dunya married Razumikhin. Sonya settled near the main character and visits him, patiently enduring his indifference and gloom. And here the nightmare of alienation continues: common people convicts hate him, considering him "atheists." On the contrary, they treat Sonya with love and tenderness, which we will learn about by reading the epilogue. "Crime and Punishment" in this part of the work also describes another dream of Raskolnikov. Rodion, once in a prison hospital, has a dream that resembles pictures from the Apocalypse. Inserting themselves into people, the mysterious "Trichinas" give rise to a fanatical conviction in the righteousness and intolerance of the opinions of others. In senseless rage, people killed each other until the entire human race was exterminated, except for a few "chosen ones." Finally, it is revealed to Rodion that the pride of the mind leads to death and discord, and the humility of the heart is the path to the fullness of life and unity in love. In the hero, "endless love" awakens to Sonia. He picks up the Gospel on the threshold of his "resurrection" for a new life.

This is how Dostoevsky ends Crime and Punishment. The summary does not describe in detail the relationship between the characters in the novel. For this purpose, we decided to supplement the article with the characteristics of the main characters. We present to you the images created by Dostoevsky.

"Crime and Punishment": the heroes of the work

In the character system, Raskolnikov occupies a central place, since it is to him that the main lines of the narrative lead. The image of Raskolnikov connects various situations and episodes of the novel. The rest of the characters appear on the scene primarily because they are needed to characterize Rodion. They make him argue, worry about them, sympathize, cause the main character to have a whole stream of various emotions and impressions. This is how the image of Raskolnikov is revealed.

The system of characters in this work is dynamic. The ratio of characters and heroes who have left the stage in the novel "Crime and Punishment" is constantly changing. Analyzing the work, one can notice that some of them cease to participate in the development of the novel, while others, on the contrary, appear. So, Marmeladov (part two, chapter seven), Katerina Ivanovna (part five, chapter five) die, Luzhin appears for the last time in part five (chapter three), Porfiry Petrovich - in part six (chapter two), and Svidrigailov decides to shoot himself in sixth part (chapter six).

The character system changes significantly when the epilogue begins. "Crime and Punishment" becomes a work in which only two characters remain. This is Rodion and Sonya. This is connected both with the eventful side of the novel, and with the fact that it is Sonya, according to the author's plan, to play a special role in the fate of Raskolnikov, to help this hero revive to a new life in the finale of Crime and Punishment. Raskolnikov returning to God and people.

The heroes, each in their own way, reveal different sides of Rodion's personality. Raskolnikov's relations with his mother, sister, Svidrigailov, Luzhin, Marmeladov, Razumikhin, Porfiry Petrovich, Sonya can be described as conflicting. Raskolnikov has an outward resemblance to many of them (material and social status, relations with conscience and the law). However, more important are internal differences (psychological, moral, ideological), which do not allow Rodion to lead a life similar to the one that they lead.

Raskolnikov has two spiritual "doubles". In the novel "Crime and Punishment" these heroes are Svidrigailov and Luzhin. These two characters have a lot in common with the main character. They are united, for example, by the principle of permissiveness. However, the similarity of the protagonist with his "doubles" is purely external. You can verify this by comparing the moral character and worldview of these two characters with the inner appearance of Raskolnikov.

Rodion has his own path in life. A number of possibilities open up before him. He may try to atone for his guilt by repenting, or follow the path of crime to the end. Rodion has to make a choice. Various life opportunities are represented by the secondary characters of the novel. Raskolnikov can reject them or accept them in the work "Crime and Punishment".

Sonya Marmeladova is the moral antipode of Rodion. However, these heroes have one thing in common: they are both outcasts, both are lonely. Raskolnikov feels this, telling the girl that they are "cursed together." He is drawn to Sonya, because she is the only person who can understand him in the work "Crime and Punishment". Sonya is the only one to whom Rodion is ready to fully reveal his soul. The hero is horrified by the thought of the opportunity to tell someone else his secret, even to a loved one (Razumikhin, mother, sister). Therefore, it is to her that he confesses to the murder, and it is this heroine who follows the main character of the work "Crime and Punishment" to "hard labor". Sonya is capable of self-sacrifice, it is through her that this theme is largely revealed in the work.

"Crime and Punishment" is a novel about faith and love. Sonya understood with her heart the most important thing in this hero's confession: Rodion suffers, he is unhappy. The girl did not understand anything about his theory, but she felt that she was unfair. Sonya did not believe that there was a "right to kill". The girl, despite all the misfortunes she experienced, kept her faith in God. Therefore, she can only be called a criminal outwardly. She chose a different path than Rodion. This is humility before God, not rebellion. It is he who, according to Dostoevsky, leads to salvation. Sonya, resigned, saves not only herself, but also the main character. It was the love for this girl that opened up the opportunity for Rodion to come to terms with people, with life. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the attitude of the convicts towards him changed after the meeting with Sonya.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is one of the central characters in the work. This is a nobleman who served in the cavalry for two years. After that, he was a sharpie in St. Petersburg. Having connected his life with Martha Petrovna, who ransomed him from prison, he lived in the village for seven years. This is a cynic who loves debauchery. A number of serious crimes lie on his conscience. This is the suicide of Philip, a servant, as well as a 14-year-old girl, insulted by him. Perhaps Svidrigailov also poisoned his own wife. As if the image of this double of Raskolnikov was generated by the nightmare of the protagonist. He, unlike Rodion, is on the other side of good and evil. At first glance, Svidrigailov has no doubts. That is why he is so worried about the protagonist, who feels that Arkady Ivanovich has power over him, that he is mysterious. The moral law no longer has power over Svidrigailov. He is free, but this does not bring him joy. Arkady Ivanovich is left with only vulgarity and world boredom. Trying to overcome it, he has fun as best he can. At night ghosts appear to him: servant Philip, Marfa Petrovna ... The indistinguishability of good and evil makes senseless the whole life of this hero. Therefore, it is no coincidence that Svidrigailov sees eternity in the form of a village bathhouse with spiders. His soul is practically dead. The hero finally decides to shoot himself with a pistol.

The second "double" of Raskolnikov is Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin. "Crime and Punishment" is a novel in which he is presented as a type of "capitalist" and a businessman. He is 45 years old. This is a dignified, prim, with an obese and cautious physiognomy. He is arrogant and morose. Luzhin dreams of opening a law office in St. Petersburg. This hero values ​​his abilities and his intelligence highly. After reading the novel "Crime and Punishment", you will see that he is used to admiring them. However, Luzhin values ​​money most of all. In the name of "economic truth" and "science" he defends progress. Luzhin preaches from hearsay, as he has heard enough of the speeches of Lebezyatnikov, his friend, a progressist. He believes that you should love yourself first of all, since everything is based on self-interest.

Luzhin, struck by the education and beauty of Dunya Raskolnikova, proposes to this girl. His pride is flattered by the thought that she, who has experienced many misfortunes, will obey him and revere him all her life. Luzhin also hopes that Dunya's charm will help his career. This hero lives in St. Petersburg with Lebezyatnikov in order to "curry favor" with young people, thereby insuring himself against unexpected demarches on her part. Feeling hatred for Raskolnikov, who drove him out, Luzhin ("Crime and Punishment") tries to quarrel with his sister and mother. He gives Sonya 10 rubles during the commemoration, after which he unnoticed 100 rubles into her pocket in order to publicly accuse the girl of stealing. However, he is forced to retire, exposed by Lebezyatnikov.

"Crime and Punishment" the main characters of the novel have gone down in history and are quite multifaceted.

"Crime and Punishment" main characters

In total, there are more than 90 characters in the novel, of which about 10 are central, with sharply defined characters, views, an important role in the development of the plot.

The protagonist of "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov, student expelled from the institute for non-payment.

The old woman, Alena Ivanovna,- a pawnbroker with whom he pawns his things.

Svidrigailov Arkady Ivanovich- “About fifty ... His hair, still very thick, was completely blond and a little bit gray, and his wide, thick beard, descending with a shovel, was even lighter than his head hair. His eyes were blue and looked cold, intent and thoughtful; red lips "

Katerina Ivanovna- Marmeladov's wife. She is about thirty years old. After the death of her drunken husband, she was left with three children in her arms and in poverty.

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov- titular advisor.

Sofya Marmeladov - daughter of Semyon Marmeladov. The girl is 18 years old. Sonya's crimes are sacrificial in nature, since she goes to the panel for the sake of loved ones who die in poverty. Sonya is trying to show the right path to Raskolnikov by reading the Gospel to him. Sonya feels love and compassion for Rodion, therefore, without hesitation, she shares his fate with him and travels with him to Siberia. At the end of the novel, Rodion finally realizes how fortunate it is that such a girl loves him.

Dunya Raskolnikova- the sister of the protagonist Rodion. She is young, attractive and graceful, and therefore is not deprived of attention from the opposite sex. She's 22. Dunya is strong in character and self-confident. In her desire to marry Luzhin, she pursues rather the goal not to get rich, but to somehow help her brother with his studies.

Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikova- mother of Rodion and Dunya; a needy widow and a defenseless woman of 43 years old. The woman is tormented by the alienated behavior of her son. She does not know about Rodion's crime, but she guesses that something is tormenting him. She and Dunya (Avdotya Romanovna) somehow earn a living and help their son Rodion with money so that he does not quit his studies. She, despite her mature age, has retained its former beauty. Although she dressed poorly, she always looked neat and dignified. Before her death, the heroine managed to bless her daughter Dunya for marriage with Razumikhin.

Luzhin Petr Petrovich- arrogant man 45 years old. Luzhin is a businessman who, first of all, seeks benefits for himself in everything. Luzhin cannot truly love, he only wants to possess. He looks at Dunya as a beautiful thing that can be bought.

Razumikhina- the only true friend of Raskolnikov. The real surname of the hero is Vrazumikhin, one everyone calls him Razumikhin. He is as poor a student as Raskolnikov, but a nobleman by birth.

Lizaveta, - sister of Alena Ivanovna. The novel says about her "a tall, clumsy, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, 35 years old, unmarried, who was in complete slavery to her sister."

Porfiry Petrovich- this is the investigator leading the case of the murder of the old woman-usurer.

Analysis of the images of the main characters in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment"

The world of the main characters of the novel "Crime and Punishment" by FM Dostoevsky is the world of small people lost in a big city who are trying to find their place under the sun and warm themselves with love. Unusual and so vital, ambiguous and sometimes performing incomprehensible actions, the main characters of the novel reveal the essence of the work: the meaning of human life is in love and forgiveness.

Rodion Raskolnikov

Sonechka Marmeladova

Various female images are found in Russian literature, but Sonya Marmeladova is the most tragic and at the same time the most sublime heroine:

Arkady Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov is the ideological double of Raskolnikov, on the example of which Dostoevsky shows what Rodion's theory did to a person when everything is allowed to him:

And at the same time he is lonely and cannot bear the weight of his own sins: he commits suicide. That's what Sonechka saves her Rodion from.

The life and work of Dostoevsky. Analysis of works. Characteristics of heroes

List of heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": a short description of the characters (table)

Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment has given world literature many vivid images.

Among the most famous heroes of Crime and Punishment are the poor student Raskolnikov, the girl of the "obscene profession" Sonya Marmeladova, the drunken official Marmeladov, the scoundrel Luzhin, and others.

Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov is a former law student. A handsome, intelligent, educated, proud, but poor young man of 23 years old. He came to St. Petersburg to study 3 years ago from the provinces. He dropped out of school a few months ago due to poverty. Raskolnikov commits the murder of an old woman pawnbroker in order to test his theory about ordinary and great people.

Alena Ivanovna, a 60-year-old old woman-pawnbroker, widow of a collegiate secretary. An angry, greedy, heartless woman. At home, she keeps something like a "pawnshop". People pawn their things with her in exchange for money. The old woman pays little and takes high interest, taking advantage of the needs of the clients. Raskolnikov is also a client of the old woman.

Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov, 50-year-old former official, drunkard. A kind, noble man. He started drinking a few years ago when he first lost his job. Because of his drunkenness, the Marmeladov family fell into poverty.

Sofya Semyonovna Marmeladova, or Sonya, the daughter of the official Marmeladov. The girl is about 18 years old. A meek, timid, selfless girl. Due to poverty, she is forced to do "indecent work" in order to feed the children of her stepmother Katerina Ivanovna. Sonya becomes a friend of Raskolnikov and his beloved.

Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova, Raskolnikov's mother, is a beautiful, intelligent and kind woman of 43 years old. Lives in poverty with his daughter Dunya. She helps her son Rodion Raskolnikov with all her might. She became a widow many years ago, she is madly in love with her son and daughter. After 3 years of separation from his son, he comes to St. Petersburg to marry his daughter Dunya to Luzhin and get rid of poverty.

Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova is the wife of the official Marmeladov and stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova. A woman of about 30 years old, intelligent, educated, from a good family. Apparently, a noblewoman by birth. She has three children from her first marriage. She married Marmeladov about 4 years ago, not out of love, but out of poverty. She suffers greatly from her husband's drunkenness and eternal poverty. Lately she has been sick with consumption.

Petr Petrovich Luzhin is a man, about 45 years old. He carries the rank of court councilor. Luzhin is a businessman with money. He is going to open his law office in St. Petersburg. Luzhin wants to marry poor Duna Raskolnikova in order to feel like her master and savior. Luzhin is a greedy, calculating, mean and petty person. In the end, the wedding of Luzhin and Dunya is canceled.

Dmitry Prokofievich Razumikhin (real name Vrazumikhin) is a young man, student, friend of Raskolnikov, kind, open and noble man, businesslike, hardworking man. Razumikhin falls in love with Dunya Raskolnikova and becomes her husband.

Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov is a landowner at the age of about 50, corrupted by money and idleness. Former cheat. A widower, was married to the landowner Marfa Petrovna. Svidrigailov is in love with Dunya, but she does not reciprocate. Svidrigailov is a madman, tyrant, whose intentions are not always noble and pure. In the last days of his life, he commits "atypical", noble deeds, and then commits suicide.

Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova - f Mr. Svidrigailov's wife. She is 5 years older than her husband. Dies at about 55 under strange circumstances. Many suspect her husband, Svidrigailov, of her death. Marfa Petrovna is an emotional, eccentric woman. In her will, she leaves Duna 3000 rubles as an inheritance. This money rescues poor Dunya from poverty.

Andrei Semyonovich Lebezyatnikov - a young man, an official, a friend of Luzhin. Luzhin is his former guardian. Lebezyatnikov serves in the ministry. He allegedly adheres to "progressive views", promotes communism, gender equality, etc., but does so inconsistently and absurdly.

Lizaveta, or Lizaveta Ivanovna — half-sister of the old woman-pawnbroker on her father's side (they had different mothers). Lizaveta was 35 years old, lived with her sister. She was awkward, ugly and, apparently, mentally retarded, but kind, meek, unrequited. She was loved by those around her. The old sister beat her and used her as a servant. Lizaveta was constantly pregnant - probably because of her dementia, she was an "easy prey" for men.

Zosimov is a friend of Razumikhin's, a young doctor who is engaged in the "treatment" of Raskolnikov. Zosimov is a plump, tall young man of 27 years old, slow, important and languid. He is a surgeon by profession, but he is also interested in “mental illness”. People around him consider him a difficult person, but recognize him as a good doctor.

Alexander Grigorievich Zametov - the man behind Razumikhin, a clerk (secretary) in a local office. He is 22 years old. Dressed according to fashion, wears rings. According to Zosimov, Zametov takes bribes at work. Zametov and Raskolnikov meet in the office, where the latter comes at the request of the owner of the apartment. Raskolnikov and Zametov have a serious conversation with Zametov about the murder of an old woman in a tavern.

Raskolnikov meets Nikodim Fomich when he comes to the office at the request of the owner of the apartment.

Porfiry Petrovich is an investigator in the case of the murder of an old money-lender and her sister. Porfiry Petrovich is 35 years old. This is an intelligent, somewhat cunning, but at the same time noble person. He has his own "psychological" approach to investigating cases. He can be called a talented investigator. Porfiry puts pressure on Raskolnikov psychologically, having no official evidence against him. On the advice of Porfiry, Raskolnikov makes a confession.

Despite his explosive nature, Ilya Petrovich is a man with principles and considers himself first of all a citizen, and then an official. Arriving at the office with a confession, Raskolnikov finds Ilya Petrovich there, to whom he confesses to the murder.

9 comments:

Thank you very much, it helped a lot! 🙂

Thanks. 111.111! 11111 !! 1

girl of "obscene profession" (at the very beginning of the article) - you have a typo here

Thanks! Everything is clearly written. And then you will read the porridge in your head.

When describing Mikolka, the website says “(He's Nikolai”).
In chapter 4 of the text of the work, he is called Mikolaj

“And Mitrei said that Mikolai went on a spree, came home at dawn, drunk, stayed at home for about ten minutes and left again, but Mitrei did not see him later and was finishing his work alone. And their work is on the same staircase with the dead, on the second floor. Having heard all this, we then did not reveal anything to anyone. "

Dear friend, these are variants of the name of the same hero: Nikolai. In the text he is called Nikolai, Mikola, Mikolka and Nikolashka. These are all variants of the same name.

www.alldostoevsky.ru

Heroes of crime and punishment table

The novel "Crime and Punishment" is a work in which many bright, memorable characters are involved.

The heroes of the novel are a wide variety of people from different walks of life: nobles, burghers, peasants, etc.

This article provides a list of all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": the main and secondary characters of the work.

See:
All materials on "Crime and Punishment"
Brief description of the heroes of "Crime and Punishment" in the table

All the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": a list of characters

• Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov - the protagonist of the novel, a poor student
• Dunya Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's sister, a poor but educated girl
• Pulcheria Aleksandrovna Raskolnikova - Raskolnikov's mother, kind, honest, but poor widow
• Sonya Marmeladova - the main character of the novel, a close friend of Rodion Raskolnikov, a poor girl who makes her living by "obscene craft"
• Semyon Zakharovich Marmeladov - father of Sonya Marmeladova, a retired drunken official
• Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova - stepmother of Sonya Marmeladova, a young woman from a good family
• Arkady Ivanovich Svidrigailov - a wealthy landowner, in love with Dunya Raskolnikova, a depraved man
• Marfa Petrovna Svidrigailova - Svidrigailov's wife, a kind, but eccentric woman
• The old woman-pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna - an old woman who becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Lizaveta (Lizaveta Ivanovna) - the younger sister of an old woman-pawnbroker, a feeble-minded young woman who also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov
• Luzhin Petr Petrovich - the groom of Dunya Raskolnikova, a vile and cunning person
• Lebezyatnikov Andrey Semyonovich - a friend and ward of Luzhin, a stupid man of new, "progressive" views
• Razumikhin Dmitry Prokofievich (Vrazumikhin) - a friend of Raskolnikov, a kind, open and active young man
• Porfiry Petrovich - investigator investigating the murder of an old woman and her sister
• Zametov - clerk in the local office
• Nikodim Fomich - quarterly overseer
• Ilya Petrovich - assistant to the quarterly overseer
• Zosimov - a novice doctor, a friend of Razumikhin, Raskolnikov's attending physician
• Mikolka (Nikolay) - a dyer who takes the blame for the murder of an old woman
• Amalia Ivanovna Lippevekhsel - the owner of the apartment where the Marmeladov family rents a room
• Nastasya is a servant in the house where Raskolnikov rents
• Daria Frantsevna is the owner of an "obscene institution" where poor girls work
• Zarnitsyna is the mistress of the house where Raskolnikov is renting
• Mitka - dyer, Mikolka's partner
• Afanasy Ivanovich Vakhrushin - a friend of the late father of Raskolnikov
• Dushkin is a usurer, owner of a tavern

This was a list of all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment": the main and secondary characters of the work.

"Crime and Punishment" characterization of heroes

"Crime and Punishment" a brief description of the heroes of Dostoevsky's novel is presented in this article.

"Crime and Punishment" characterization of heroes

Rodion Raskolnikov

Poor but talented St. Petersburg student Rodion Raskolnikov is obsessed with an idea that takes its origins in humanism and the universal human sense of being: will violations of the law be justified if they are made in the name of humanity? External circumstances (poverty and the forced decision of his sister to marry of convenience) push Rodion to test his own theory in practice: he kills the old woman-pawnbroker and her sister Lizaveta, who was pregnant at that time. It was from this moment that the ordeal of poor Raskolnikov began:

Rodion finds support in family and love - it is these two values ​​that Dostoevsky puts at the forefront: only thanks to his mother, his sister Avdotya and Sonechka, with whom Rodion falls in love, he nevertheless comes to the conclusion that for every crime a person must endure punishment. He himself comes to the investigator and confesses to the murder. After the trial, Sonechka follows him to the Siberian penal servitude. Neither relatives nor friends refuse him - this is that sacrifice and that forgiveness that elevates a person. Sonechka Marmeladova helps Rodion to come to the realization of his own guilt and decide on a voluntary confession.

Sonechka Marmeladova

Sonechka goes hand in hand with Rodion throughout the entire novel. Her faith, sacrifice, meekness and bright, pure love helps the protagonist to understand the meaning of human existence. Another central image of the novel, Svidrigailov, allows you to understand the terrible mistake that Raskolnikov made.

Arkady Svidrigailov

• Svidrigailov is depraved and vulgar, albeit a nobleman;
• suspected of murder;

The system of main characters in the novel is such that the characters complement each other and make their own adjustments to the ideological structure of the novel: if it were not for one of them, the system would have collapsed. It is impossible to categorically divide everyone into good and bad: the heart of every person is an arena where good and evil fight every day. Which of them will win is up to the person himself. It is this struggle that is shown in the novel with the help of the main characters, helping the reader to correctly understand the thought of the great Dostoevsky.

Alena Ivanovna- a collegiate receptionist, a pawnbroker, “... a tiny, dry old woman, about sixty years old, with keen and evil eyes, with a small pointed nose ... Her fair-haired, slightly gray hair was greased with oil. On her thin and long neck, like a chicken leg, some kind of flannel rag was fastened, and on her shoulders, despite the heat, dangled all the frayed and yellowed fur katsaveika. " Her image should cause disgust and thus, as it were, partly justify the idea of ​​Raskolnikov, who carries her mortgages and then kills her. The character is a symbol of a worthless and even harmful life. However, according to the author, she is also a person, and violence against her, as against any person, even in the name of noble goals, is a crime of the moral law.

Amalia Ivanovna (Amalia Ludvigovna, Amalia Fedorovna)- the landlady of the Marmeladovs, as well as Lebezyatnikov and Luzhin. She is in constant conflict with Katerina Ivanovna Marmeladova, who in moments of anger calls her Amalia Ludwigovna, which causes her sharp irritation. Invited to Marmeladov's funeral, she reconciles with Katerina Ivanovna, but after the scandal provoked by Luzhin orders her to move out of the apartment.

Zametov Alexander Grigorievich- clerk in the police office, comrade Razu-mikhina. "About twenty-two years old, with a swarthy and mobile face, looking older than her ice, dressed in fashion and a veil, with a parting on the back of the head, combed and anointed, with many rings and rings on white brushed fingers and gold chains on a vest." Together with Razumikhin, he comes to Raskolnikov during his illness immediately after the murder of the old woman. He suspects Raskolnikov, although he pretends that he is simply interested in him. Accidentally meeting him in a tavern, Raskolnikov teases him with a conversation about the murder of an old woman, and then suddenly stuns him with a question: "What if it was I who killed the old woman and Lizaveta?" Pushing these two characters together, Dostoevsky compares two different modes of existence - the intense search for Raskolnikov and the well-fed philistine vegetation like Zametovsky.

Zosimov- Doctor, friend of Razumikhin. He is twenty-seven years old. "... A tall and fat man, with a puffy and colorless pale, smooth-shaven face, with blond straight hair, glasses and a large gold ring on a finger swollen with fat." Self-confident, knows his own worth. "His manner was slow, as if sluggish and at the same time learned-but-cheeky." Brought by Razumikhin during Raskolnikov's illness, he later took an interest in his condition. He suspects insanity in Raskolnikov and does not see anything further, absorbed in his idea.

Ilya Petrovich (Gunpowder)- "a lieutenant, an assistant to the district overseer, with a reddish mustache sticking out horizontally in both directions and with extremely small features, however, nothing special, except for some impudence, did not express." Raskolnikov, who was summoned to the police for non-payment of the promissory note, is rude and aggressive, provoking a protest and provoking a scandal. During his confession, Raskolnikov finds him in a more benevolent mood and therefore does not dare to confess right away, comes out and only the second time makes a confession, which throws I.P. into shock.

Katerina Ivanovna- wife of Marmeladov. From among the "humiliated and insulted." Thirty years old. A thin, rather tall and slender woman, with fine dark blond hair, with consumptive spots on her cheeks. Her gaze is sharp and motionless, her eyes shine as if in a fever, her lips are parched, her breathing is uneven and intermittent. The daughter of a court counselor. She was brought up at the provincial noble institute, graduated with a gold medal and a certificate of merit. She married an infantry officer and fled with him from her parents' house. After his death, she was left with three young children in poverty. As Marmeladov describes her, "... the lady is hot, proud and unyielding." Compensates for feelings of humiliation with fantasies in which she herself believes. In fact, he forces his stepdaughter Sonechka to go to the panel, and after that, feeling guilty, they bow before her self-sacrifice and suffering. After the death of Marmeladov, he arranges a memorial service at the last expense, trying in every possible way to demonstrate that her husband and she herself are quite respected people. Constantly in conflict with the landlady Amalia Ivanovna. Despair deprives her of her sanity, she takes the children and leaves home to beg, forcing them to sing and dance, and soon dies.

Lebezyatnikov Andrey Semyonovich- a ministerial official. “... A thin and scrofulous man, small in stature, who served somewhere and strangely blond, with sideburns in the form of cutlets, of which he was very proud. Moreover, his eyes hurt almost constantly. His heart was rather soft, but his speech was very self-confident, and sometimes even extremely arrogant - which, in comparison with his figure, almost always came out funny. The author says about him that he “... was one of that countless and diverse legion of vulgarities, dead bums and unlearned tyrants, who instantly stick to the most fashionable walking idea, to immediately vulgarize it, to instantly caricature everything that they are sometimes they serve in the most sincere way. " Luzhin, trying to join the newest ideological trends, actually chooses L. as his "mentor" and expounds his views. L. is insane, but kind in character and in his own way honest: when Luzhin puts a hundred rubles in Sonya's pocket to accuse her of theft, L. exposes him. The image is somewhat caricatured.

Lizaveta- the younger, half-sister of the pawnbroker Alena Ivanovna. "... A tall, awkward, timid and humble girl, almost an idiot, thirty-five years old," who was in complete slavery to her sister, who worked for her day and night, trembled in front of her and even suffered beatings from her. " Swarthy kind face. She is engaged in washing and mending linen. Before the murder, she knew Raskolnikov, washed his shirts. She was also on friendly terms with Sonechka Marmeladova, with whom she even exchanged crosses. Raskolnikov accidentally overhears her conversation with familiar bourgeois, from which he learns that the old woman-pawnbroker at seven o'clock the next day will be at home alone. A little earlier, he accidentally overheard a frivolous conversation between a young officer and a student in a tavern, where it was, in particular, about L. - that although she is ugly, many people like it - “so quiet, meek, unrequited, agreeable, agreeing to everything” and therefore constantly pregnant. During the murder of the pawnbroker L. unexpectedly returns home and also becomes a victim of Raskolnikov. It is the Gospel given by her that Sonya reads to Raskolnikov.

Luzhin Petr Petrovich- the type of businessman and "capitalist". He is forty-five years old. Prim, dignified, with a cautious and grumpy face. Gloomy and arrogant. He wants to open a law office in St. Petersburg. Having got out of insignificance, he highly values ​​his mind and abilities, he is used to admiring himself. However, L. values ​​money most of all. He defends progress "in the name of science and economic truth." He preaches from hearsay, which he has heard enough from his friend Lebezyatnikov, from among the young progressists: “Science says: love, first of all, one yourself, for everything in the world is based on personal interest ... private affairs ... all the more solid grounds for him, and all the more the common business is arranged in him. "

Struck by the beauty and education of Dunya Raskolnikova, L. proposes to her. His pride is flattered by the thought that a noble girl who has experienced many misfortunes will be in awe of him and obey him all her life. In addition, L. hopes that "the charm of a charming, virtuous and educated woman" will help his career. In St. Petersburg L. lives with Lebezyatnikov - with the aim of "running ahead just in case" and "curry favor" with the youth, thereby insuring himself against any unexpected demarches on her part. Expelled by Raskolnikov and feeling hatred for him, he tries to embroil his mother and sister with him, provoke a scandal: during the commemoration for Marmeladov he gives Sonechka ten rubles, and then imperceptibly puts another hundred rubles in her pocket, in order to publicly accuse her of theft a little later. Unmasked by Lebezyatnikov, he is forced to retire shamefully.

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- Titular Counselor, Sonechka's father. “He was a man over fifty years old, of medium height and dense build, with gray hair and a large bald spot, with a yellow, even greenish face that was swollen from constant drunkenness and with swollen eyelids, because of which tiny, like slits, but animate reddish eyes. But there was something very strange about him; his gaze seemed to glow with even ecstasy - perhaps there was both meaning and intelligence - but at the same time, it seemed as if madness flashed through. Lost his place "on the change of states" and from that moment began to drink.

Raskolnikov meets with M. in a tavern, where he tells him his life and confesses his sins - that he drinks and drank his wife's things, that his own daughter Sonechka, because of poverty and his drunkenness, went to the panel. Realizing all his insignificance and deeply repenting, but not having the strength to overcome himself, the hero nevertheless tries to elevate his own weakness to a world drama, flirting and even making theatrical gestures, which are intended to show his not completely lost nobility. “To be sorry! why feel sorry for me! - suddenly cried Marmeladov, standing up with an outstretched hand, in decisive inspiration, as if he was just waiting for these words ... ”Twice Raskolnikov accompanies him home: the first time drunk, the second time - crushed by horses. The image is associated with one of the main themes of Dostoevsky's work - poverty and humiliation, in which a person who gradually loses his dignity and clings to him with the last of his strength perishes.

Lesson in the 10th grade. The history of the concept of the novel "Crime and Punishment", genre composition

Sections: Literature

Genre. Composition. System of images.

Goals: to understand why Dostoevsky's novel still causes controversy, ambiguous assessments; determine the genre and compositional features of the novel, the main conflict and the system of images.

1. Word of the teacher about the time of writing the novel "Crime and Punishment".

- By the time F.M. Dostoevsky was already a well-known writer, author of the novels "Poor People", "Humiliated and Insulted", "Notes from the House of the Dead", stories "The Double", "White Nights", "Netochka Nezvanova", "Uncle's Dream", "Stepanchikovo Village" ...
The reader is already familiar with his views on poor people, contemporaries argue about the vitality of his works. But in February 1866, the first part of the novel Crime and Punishment appeared in the Russian Bulletin, and in December the last, sixth part and an epilogue were published. The novel spoke about real time, reflected this time, the heroes of the novel seemed to live with the reader in the same city, perhaps even on the same street, read the same fashionable books, talked about the same social problems.

2. Playing with the title.

- Let's turn to the table of contents of the novel. How many parts does it have? ( Six)

On the blackboard is the statement of contemporary Russian writers about the composition of the novel, now living in the USA, P. Weil and A. Genis:

“The novel, built on a skilful orchestration of tensions, passes through two climaxes followed by catharsis. The first such point is crime. The second is punishment. ”(P. Veil, A. Genis“ The Last Judgment ”)

- Let's clarify how many parts are set aside for crime and punishment? ( The first part is devoted to the description of the crime, and all the rest are devoted to punishment.).

- The novel is built on the antithesis of crime and punishment. Find synonyms for punishment.

Punishment
Retribution
Pay
Payment

• The question arises: is punishment alone enough to return a person to his old way of life? ( No).
• What is missing? ( Atonement, cleansing, and this takes time, perhaps a whole life).
• How can you atone for your guilt? ( Good deeds, deeds, love for people).
• Is it told how Raskolnikov atoned for his guilt, on the pages of the novel? ( No). All this remained behind the scenes. This means that the novel has an open ending!

3. The main conflict of the novel, the social environment.

- What social problem gave rise to the novel? To answer this question, let us turn to the words of the author of your textbook, Yu. Lebedev.

“Dostoevsky saw how the post-reform breakdown, destroying the age-old foundations of society, liberated human individuality from spiritual traditions, legends and authorities, from their historical memory. The personality fell out of the “ecological” system of culture, lost self-orientation and fell into a blind dependence on the “most modern” science, on “the last words of the ideological life of society”. This was especially dangerous for young people from the middle and small strata of society. A man of a “random tribe,” a lonely commoner youth, thrown into the whirlpool of social passions, drawn into an ideological struggle, entered into extremely painful relations with the world. Not rooted in the life of the people, deprived of a solid spiritual foundation, he found himself defenseless against the power of “unfinished” ideas, dubious social theories that were worn in the “gaseous” society of post-reform Russia ”.

- Before what “unfinished” ideas were young people of that time defenseless, in particular Raskolnikov? ( Nihilism. Reasonable selfishness. Napoleonism).

- All these philosophical ideas can be fit into just one phrase: "God is dead - everything is allowed." It belongs to the German philosopher and poet F. Nietzsche, whose ideas many intellectuals of Europe and Russia were "sick" with and with whom Dostoevsky polemicizes in almost all his novels, including the novel Crime and Punishment.

Memories of A. Suslova, September 17, 1863:

When we were having dinner, he, looking at the girl who was taking lessons, said: “Well, imagine, such a girl with an old man, and suddenly some Napoleon says:“ Destroy the whole city. It has always been this way in the world. "

From the novel "Crime and Punishment".

The "prophet" is right, he is right when he puts a good-sized battery somewhere across the street and blows at the right and the guilty, not even deigning to explain himself ...

Porfiry Petrovich's words:

Who in Russia does not consider himself to be Napoleon?

- The era was obsessed with Napoleomania. Dostoevsky had to face this phenomenon personally. Listen to an excerpt from the book Yuri Karjakina "Dostoevsky and the Present"

Dostoevsky's beloved in those years A. Suslov was carried away by one student, and when he deceived her, she decided to kill him.
– How can you decide a human attitude by bloodshed?
It turns out that she decided to turn her revenge into a feat.
– Does it really matter which man pays for the abuse of me? But if we take revenge, so that the whole world becomes aware of the only, unheard of, unprecedented, unique revenge.
She is plotting to kill ... the king.
– Very much fascinating. The huge step. In the end, how simple. Just think - one gesture, one movement, and you are in the host of celebrities, geniuses, great people, saviors of mankind ...
– Glory is gained by labor.
– Or unparalleled courage.
– Have you thought about flour?
– It was this that stopped me. Suddenly I thought: they will be executed, but it’s not bad to live up to 80 years somewhere in silence, in the sun, by the southern sea.

- And yet, why is the novel called Crime and Punishment, and not Raskolnikov, for example? ( Dostoevsky, apparently, was more interested not in the hero himself, but in what he feels, experiences during and after the crime.). Therefore, now it is most appropriate to talk about the genre of the novel.

On the board is a list of all kinds of genres. Select and write down the appropriate ones.

• Philosophical
• Moral and psychological
• Historical
• Polemical
• Fantastic
• Social detective
• Political
• Adventure
• Tragedy novel
• Confession novel
• Satirical
• Biographical
• Family
• Autobiographical
• Ideological

  The novel can be characterized as philosophical, ideological, moral and psychological, as a tragedy novel, a confession novel.

  - All your definitions are correct, in modern literary criticism there is no single point of view in defining the genre of the novel.

  5. Working with the card.

  - Let's get acquainted with different points of view on the novel of famous people of the past. How they understood him.

  Get to know different points of view on the novel of contemporaries. How did Russian society react to the writer and his novel? Write down an opinion in a notebook that you agree with and that you think is correct. Justify your choice.

  You reread “Crime and Punishment” - and you wonder how before, reading one thing, you understand something completely different, how you could see in the novel the worn-out “idea” that crime awakens the conscience in a person and in the throes of conscience carries the highest punishment to the criminal.(V. Veresaev "Living Life", 1910)

  Dostoevsky is the most intimate, innermost writer, so when reading him, it’s as if you’re not reading someone else, but listening to your own soul, only deeper than usual, than always... (V. Rozanov "Why Dostoevsky is dear to us", 1911)

  It is impossible to imagine a greater science fiction writer than Dostoevsky, and no one knew how to depict a real situation so vividly.(D. Galsworthy, 1911)

  I feel a bit uncomfortable talking about Dostoevsky. In my lectures, I usually look at literature from the only point of view that interests me, that is, as a phenomenon of world art and a manifestation of personal talent. From this point of view, Dostoevsky is not a great writer, but rather mediocre, with flashes of unsurpassed humor, which, alas, alternate with long voids of literary platitudes.(V. Nabokov "Lectures on Russian Literature")

  - A writer in Russia has always enjoyed great confidence. So A.S. Pushkin elevated him to the role of the Prophet. A century later, E. Yevtushenko will say: “A poet in Russia is more than a poet,” speaking about the place of the writer in society. We do not set ourselves the task of discussing the right to exist of one-day novels. Our goal is to understand the era that gives birth to great writers and great works of literature, to listen to the opinion of contemporaries who live a spiritual, intellectual life, who feel their right to strictly judge or praise great writers.

  6. The system of images of the novel.

  - Based on the information received in the lesson, we will be able to build a system of images of the novel. Choose a diagram on the board, give reasons for your choice. Can the author's position be explained through the system of images?

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