Communion in English language belongs to the most difficult category of grammar. It is a special form of a verb that is used in a sentence to transform a noun, noun, verb, or verb, and plays the role of an adjective or adverb. Participle (abbreviated PTCP) is one of the types of impersonal forms of the verb. In English, there are two types of participle - participle 1 and participle 2. Now we will tell you everything in detail.
So let's get started.
What is participle in English
Let's read the following sentence:
- Hearing a loud noise, the boy woke up. - Hearing a loud noise, the boy woke up.
In this example, hearing has the qualities of an adjective, defining the noun boy (boy). It is derived from the verb hear (to hear) and has an object - noise (noise). Accordingly, the word hearing has the properties of a verb (since it is derived from it) and an adjective, and is called participle, and the phrase "hearing a loud noise", which is introduced by this very participle, is called participle(participle phrase).
In English, as mentioned above, there are two main types of participle - participle 1 and participle 2. But what do 1 and 2 mean?
Participle 1 or Participle I is the present participle.
Participle 2 or Participle II is a past participle.
The participles are formed by adding the suffix to the base form of the verb - ing or - ed... For example, smash - smashing, smashed.
We add the –ing suffix if it is necessary to use the present participle, and the –ed suffix should be used for the past participle.
So what are past participle and present participle in English?
The main verb has the form Present Participle, when the sentence is in (Present continued) or (Past long). For instance,
- The teacher saw the student laughing in her class. - The teacher saw that the students were laughing in her class. (the sentence is in Present Continuous, because the action is taking place at the moment).
In turn, the main verb has the form Past Participle, when the sentence is in (Present perfect) or (Past perfect). For instance,
- She was pleased to have talked to her old friend. “She was glad she spoke to her old friend.
The proposal is in Present Perfect, because the action took place in the past, but left an imprint on the present.
Past Participle what time is it
Participle II is used in passive tenses after the auxiliary be:
- It was written- Passive;
- It is written- Passive;
- It will be written- Passive;
- It had been written- Passive;
- It has been written- Passive;
- It will have been written- Passive.
Participle II is also used in perfect tenses after the auxiliary have:
- I had written – Past perfect Active;
- I have written- Present Perfect Active;
- It will have written- Future Perfect Active;
- It had been written- Past Perfect Passive;
- It has been written- Present Perfect Passive;
- It will have been written- Future Perfect Passive.
Having learned that the past participle can be used in perfect tenses and passive forms, let's look at examples of past participle:
- Something should be done to protect holidaymakers from awful experiences. (The verb done is participle 2).
- Some many articles have been written so far in newspapers and magazines warning tourists to guard against being victims of tricksters. (Have been written - Present Perfect Passive - been and written is Past Participle).
Rules for writing participles
As you know, in English, verbs are divided into and. Let's first take a look at how the participial form works with regular verbs.
Rules for spelling participles with regular verbs
base form + ing / ed
| Verb | Past Participle | Present Participle |
| Giggle (giggle) | giggl ed | giggl ing |
| Attend (visit) | attend ed | attend ing |
| Borrow (borrow) | borrow ed | borrow ing |
Past Participle is also called the third form of the verb (V3).
Consider examples of the participle of regular verbs in English:
- She was giggling after smoking a joint with her boyfriend. - She laughed after smoking marijuana with her friend.
- She has attended the soccer game with her sons. - She attended a football game with her sons.
Formation of the Sacrament 1
Some changes occur in the spelling of a number of present participle verbs. They mainly concern final letters. The rule for writing participles:
| Rule | Example | |
| item 1 | Trailing unreadable "-e" is "discarded" | rule - ruling |
| item 2 | But the readable ending "-e" is preserved | free - freeing |
| item 3 | The letter "y" at the end of the word is preserved | try - trying |
| item 4 | The letter combination "ie" becomes "y" | tie (to tie) - tying |
| p. 5 | If the verb has at the end "consonant + vowel + consonant" (except for w, x and y) and has an emphasis on the last syllable or consists of one syllable, then the last consonant is doubled. | rub (to rub) - rubbing travel - traveling |
There are no visible changes in the spelling of the verbs in the past participle, however, if the verb ends in “-e” (items 1 and 2), then adding –ed, it is truncated: rule + ed = ruled, not ruleed. And if the verb ends in a consonant + "y" (item 3), then "y" becomes "i": try + ed = tried, not tryed.
The rule of writing with irregular verbs
Now let's figure out how the participle works with irregular verbs.
The rule for the formation of the participle:
base form + ing
(present participle)
special form
(past participle)
As for the spelling of verbs in the present participle, here, in fact, everything is the same as with regular verbs - overtak ing, learn ing, buy ing... Nothing complicated.
But the verbs in the past participle have a special form that must be remembered.
Table with examples of participles in English
| Verb | Past Participle | Present Participle |
| Overtake (catching up) | overtaken | overtaking |
| Learn (learn) | learnt (ed) | learning |
| Buy (buy) | bought | buying |
Consider examples of participle irregular verbs in English:
- The German racer has overtaken the British car on the last lap. - The German driver caught up with the British driver on the last lap.
- He is buying different stuff in bulk. - He buys various goods in bulk.
Communion forms in English
In the table of the types of participles found in English, the main forms are presented.
Let's take a look at some examples.
- Michael is supporting his team. - Michael supports his team. (Simple PTCP1 active).
- Michael is being supported by his team. - Michael is supported by his team. (Simple PTCP1 passive).
- Having supported his team Michael decided to thank them for the game. - Having supported his team, Michael decided to thank them for the game. (Perfect PTCP1 active).
- Having been supported by his team Michael decided to thank them. - Being supported by his team, Michael decided to thank them. (Perfect PTCP1 passive).
Is there a third type of sacrament?
At the very beginning of this article, we mentioned that there are two main types of participle. However, some sources point to three types, distinguishing Perfect as an independent one.
Perfect participle
The rule for the formation of the participle: having + past participle
The perfect and imperfect form of the sacrament depends on the time in which the sentence stands.
With the present participle and past participle, everything is more or less clear, they can be found both in the main part of the sentence (main clause) and used in the present / past continuous and present / past perfect, respectively, and in the subordinate clause, but then the time at which it is used can be determined by the main clause.
The situation with the perfect participle is a little different. The fact is that you will not find it in the main clause, it is found only in the subordinate clause.
- Having taken the wrong turn, he ended up in a dangerous neighborhood. “Turning the wrong way, he ultimately wandered into a dangerous area.
Formation of the participle in English
After considering a few sentences, you probably ask yourself the question "How is the participle formed in English?"
Present Participle
The present participle does not in itself indicate the time of the action to which it refers. However, it refers to the fact that this time is the same as the time in the main clause.
- Farmers watched the herd approaching... - The farmers watched as the herd approached. (approaching is from the same time as watched). That is, you can rephrase:
- Farmers watched as the herd was approaching... (past continuous)
Past Participle
The past participle (as well as the present) refers to the same tense as the verb in the main clause.
- Philipp has all the qualifications required for the job. - Philip possesses all the qualities necessary for this profession. (required is at the same time as has). You can rephrase:
- Philipp has all the qualifications that are required for the job. (present simple)
However, if we want to indicate that the action is at an earlier time, we use a passive perfect participle:
— Having been nominated three times for an Oscar, he is one of today’s most acclaimed film directors. - Having been nominated for an Oscar three times, today he is one of the most famous directors.
Perfect Participle
The perfect participle indicates that the time of the action to which it refers was before the action that occurred in the main clause.
- The child, having found its mother, was again happy. - The child, having found his mother, was happy again.
Functions of the participle in English
An important point is the functions of participle 1 and participle 2 in a sentence.
They can have the following roles in a proposal:
- definition (attribute)
- circumstance (adverbial modifier)
- predicate
- compound verb predicate
How to define the function of the participle in English?
To do this, you need to look at the "environment", i.e. adjacent words and determine which question the participle answers.
Let's figure it out.
The participle in the role of definition
PTCP1 is often defined as simple active.
- Tom asked me to talk to the woman supervising the projects. “Tom asked me to speak to the woman in charge of projects.
The PTCP1 simple passive form is rarely used because in the function of definition, it is very similar to PTCP2, and is used only in cases where the verb expresses an action that occurs at a certain moment.
- The documents being signed must be sent to the headquarters immediately. - The documents that are now being signed should be sent to the headquarters immediately.
PTCP1 Perfect is never used as a definition.
PTCP2 can also have a detect function.
- Gill collected all the photos taken during their trip to Paris and put them in an album. - Jill collected all the photos taken during the trip to Paris and added them to the album.
Note
There are restrictions on the use of participles as a definition. We use an Attribute clause that starts with who, which, or that:
- 1. To describe the events that precede the actions of the final verb:
- The mechanic who repaired the car is having a cup of tea. - The mechanic who repaired the car is drinking tea.
- The mechanic repairing the car is doing his best. “The mechanic repairing the car is doing his best.
- 2. Talk about repetitive activities or habits.
- People who read newspapers always know the latest news. “People who read newspapers always know the latest news.
- The lady reading the newspaper is my aunt. “The lady reading the newspaper is my aunt.
- 3. When a sentence contains a verb describing a mental state, emotions and relationships - know, believe, like, hate, etc.
- People who know two languages are called bilingual. - People who know two languages are called bilingual.
Participle as predicate
Since the participle participates in the formation of such times as Present / Past Continuous, Present / Past Perfect and Present / Past Perfect Continuous, as well as in the formation of the passive voice (), it, as it were, automatically performs the function of a predicate.
- For example, Present / Past Continuous are built as follows:
am / is / are + participle 1
was / were + participle 1
- Jason is buying a present for his girlfriend. - He's buying a gift for his girlfriend. (PrC).
- Carol and Damon were filing the application for the registration of marriage. - Carol and Damon applied for marriage registration. (PastC).
- Present / Past Perfect have the following formula:
have / has + participle 2
had + participle 2
- The group of alpinists has climbed the highest mount in the area. - A group of climbers climbed the highest mountain in the area. (PrP).
- Kristine had never been to an opera before last night. “Christine had never been to the opera until last night. (PastP).
- Present / Past Perfect Continuous are formed like this:
have / has been + participle 1
had been + participle 1
- The lecturer has been discoursing on geography and zoology for about four hours. - The lecturer delivered a lecture on geography and zoology for about four hours. (PrPC).
- By the time Sam found an umbrella, it had been raining for ten minutes. “By the time Sam found the umbrella, it had been raining for ten minutes. (PastPC).
Present / Past Simple, Present / Past Continuous, Present / Past Perfect, Future Simple have a passive voice.
Let's give a couple of examples:
- The butter is kept in the fridge. - Butter stored in the refrigerator. (PrS).
- His training regimen will be kept up for a month. - His training regime will continue for a month. (FutS).
Participle as a compound verb predicate
PTCP1 and PTCP2 are used as a compound verb predicate.
- The result of this experiment was surprising... - The result of the experiment was amazing. (one)
- Graig was really disappointed hearing this. - Craig was very disappointed to hear this. (2)
Communion as a circumstance
Adverbial modifier of time
PTCP1 and PTCP2 can be used as time circumstances.
- Trying to find his keys he lost his notebook somewhere in the room. “While trying to find the keys, he lost his notebook somewhere in the room. (When did he lose the book? When he tried to find the keys) - participle 1
With participle 1, the when and while conjunctions are often used in the timing function when actions occur at the same time.
- When working with acids check all the equipment. - When working with acids, check all equipment.
However, participle 2 is almost always preceded by when or until.
- When fallen Meredith could not get up. - Falling, Meredith could not get up.
- The computer will be here until restored. - The computer will be here until it is repaired.
Please note that the participial form cannot be used as a circumstance of the tense.
- As a young man, he strove to become famous. - As a young man he longed to be famous.
Adverbial modifier of cause
PTCP1 can also be used as a circumstance of cause.
- Traveling different countries they got a whole collection of unusual things. - Traveling around different countries, they have collected a whole collection of unusual gizmos. (Why did they put together the collection? Because they traveled.)
Adverbial modifier of comparison
PTCP1 and PTCP2 as a comparison circumstance. Used frequently with unions as if, as though- as if, as if.
- Gwen opened her mouth as if intending to scream. Gwen opened her mouth as if intending to scream.
- The people were running as if stung. - People ran as if stung.
Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances
Participle 1 as a function of the circumstances of the accompanying conditions.
- Children played in the garden singing merrily. - Children played in the garden, singing merrily.
Adverbial modifier of condition
Participle 2 in a condition function with the unions if and unless.
- I promise to keep a secret unless tortured. “I promise to keep a secret if they don't torture me. (Under what condition will he keep a secret? If he is not tortured.)
Adverbial of concession
Participle 2 as a concession with though, although unions.
- Though gone she couldn’t stop thinking of him. “Although she was gone, she couldn't stop thinking about him.
Use of NON-Perfect Participle 1 (Simple participle) in English
The non-perfect form assumes that the action expressed by participle 1 is simultaneously with the action expressed by the main verb (in personal form). Therefore, the time frame of action expressed by the participle can only be understood from the context, therefore, we can say that they are relative.
Simple participle (examples):
- When learning Portuguese language I start my class with practicing speaking. - When I learn Portuguese, I start my lesson by practicing my speech.
- I was jogging in the park when I heard barking dogs. - I was jogging in the park when I heard the barking dogs.
Use of the non-perfect participle in English
- 1. When an action occurs at a certain point in time (present / past continuous).
- 2. As a gerund.
- Riding horses makes Steven thrilled. - Riding horses scares Stephen (riding is the subject).
- 3. As an adjective.
- She is an annoying girl in our team. - She's the annoying girl on our team.
- 4. As an introductory construction.
- Strictly speaking, this is illegal. - Strictly speaking, it is illegal.
After the participle, a comma must be used as an introductory construction.
Using Perfect Participle 1 in English
Perfect participle 1 is the present participle in English.
The perfect form indicates that the action expressed by the participle occurred earlier than that represented by the main verb.
- Sommer took a large box, and having prepared her possessions, put them into it. - Sommer took a large box and, having prepared personal belongings, put them in it.
The perfect participle is often used to indicate the length of time between two actions, or that the action lasts for a period.
- Having gone to Brazil, he didn’t see his family for years. - Having left for Brazil, he did not see his family for several years.
Use of Participle 2 (Communion 2) in English
When used:
Past participle in a sentence most often indicates that the action took place in the past.
Use cases:
- 1) In the times of the perfect group.
- Ms Rachel has written the thank you note to her friend’s dad. “Miss Rachel wrote a letter of thanks to her friend's father.
- 2) For the formation of a passive voice.
- Hospitals are built by the government because it’s their duty. - Hospitals are built by the state, because it is his responsibility.
- 3) As an adjective.
The broken cup is lying on the floor. - The broken cup is on the floor.
Active and Passive participle
The present and past participles in English can stand in both active (real) and passive (passive) voice.
Let's look at two examples.
- Gear-wheels that are fitting together turn in opposite directions. - Gear wheels that are connected together rotate in opposite directions. ().
- Gear-wheels that have been fitted together turn in opposite directions. - Gear wheels that have been connected together rotate in opposite directions. ().
The use of the active (active voice) or passive (passive) form for participles in English depends on what needs to be emphasized. The active voice focuses on the subject, i.e. on who / what is performing the action, but on who is performing this action.
For example, here are two more suggestions.
- The technician installed the software. - The specialist installed the software. (The emphasis is on who performed the action).
- The software was installed by the technician. - The software was installed by a specialist. (Emphasis on what the action was taken on).
Difference between Participle 1 and Participle 2
Having come to this point, we think you have already understood what the difference is between these two types of participles. However, let's put it all together and figure out what is the difference between the first participle and the second participle in English.
1. The most commonplace is the endings (ing for PTCP1 and ed for PTCP2).
2. In the formation of what times do they participate (PTCP1 in Present / Past Continuous and Present / Past Perfect Continuous; PTCP2 in Present / Past Perfect).
3. The functions in the sentence (and the present and past participles in English have similar functions, but different cases use).
4. The formation of a passive voice (PTCP1 passive or PTCP2 active).
Adjectivized participles
Some participles, for example, bored (PTCP2) or boring (PTCP1), can be used as adjectives (see p. Use of non-perfect participle 1 and p. Use of participle 2). They are different from common adjectives.
Past participle (verb + ed)
Typically, we use the past participle to express feelings and emotions. Examples:
- She was really bored during the trip. - She was bored during the trip.
- Jack's frightened of bugs. - Jack is afraid of bugs.
Present participle (verb + ing)
And we use the present participle to indicate a person, object or situation that provoked these feelings and emotions:
- It was such a long, boring trip. - It was such a long and boring trip.
- Many people find bugs to be frightening. - Many people find beetles intimidating.
Please note that the difference between I'm bored and I'm boring is big. In the first case it means “I'm bored”, in the second “I'm boring”.
Like many adjectives, adjective participles are comparative and superlative.
comparative:
- That book is more boring than this one. “That book is duller than this book.
Superlative degree:
- For 24 hours on the trip to Bern, I was the most bored I’ve ever been. - I have never been more boring than a 24-hour trip to Bern.
The examples below reflect some of the notable differences between participles and adjectivized participles.
| Participles | Adjectivized Participles |
| The person following you must be a detective. = The person following you is probably a detective. | Read the following pages. = Read the following pages. |
| Everybody touching that wire get a shock. = Anyone who touches this wire will be hit. | We listened to his touching story. = We listened to his touching story. |
| Telling us her story, he sobbed. = When he told us his story, he sobbed. | It's a telling comment. = This is a weighty observation. |
Difference between Gerund and Communion 1 in English
How to distinguish a gerund from participle 1 when both have the ending ing?
In English, the difference between a participle and a gerund is that a gerund is a verb form used as a noun, and a participle is a verb form used as an adjective or a verb combined with an auxiliary verb.
If in a sentence you meet auxiliary(is walking), so in front of you is a verb (walking), not a noun. Accordingly, is walking is a participle, not a gerund.
Or, for example, such a phrase - a walking contradiction. In this case, it is also a participle, because walking acts as an adjective.
However, in another example - walking is good for you - you are dealing with a gerund because walking is nothing more than a noun here.
Detailed analysis
Let's dive into this topic in more detail and visually compare these two impersonal forms.
As the gerund has evolved from, it has nominal properties. Unlike the participle I, the gerund can be:
- 1. Before prepositions
Compare the two sentences:
- We would spend hours in playing hockey. (Gerund).
- We would spend hours playing hockey. (Participle).
- 2. Determined by possessive nouns or possessive pronouns
- On her coming home, everybody sat down to lunch. (Gerund).
- Coming home, she saw everybody at lunch. (Participle).
- 3. Used as subject and object
- Horseback riding is fun for me.
- Some people do not enjoy horseback riding.
Gerund attributes shows a person's occupation or what the subject is for
Participle attributes denote the actions of modified nouns. Compare:
However, there are cases that can be interpreted in a different way:
Hunting dog = the dog for hunting Or hunts / is hunting.
Cooking stove = the stove is used for cooking Or cooks / is cooking.
Context makes meaning clear:
- We have a new dancing teacher. - We have a new dance teacher. (Gerund).
- Have you seen a dancing teacher of math? - Have you seen the dancing math teacher? (Participle).
Gerund and participle as predicative
A gerund predicative expresses either the state or the identity of the subject.
A participle predicative is close to the adjective in this function, it gives the subject a qualitative assessment.
- The only remedy for such a headache is going to bed. - The only remedy for such a headache is to go to bed. (Gerund).
- Her influence is spoiling. - Her influence spoils. (Participle).
Gerund and participle as a circumstance
The gerund in the function of a circumstance or adverbial modifier is always used with prepositions, and the participle can be used alone or with conjunctions:
— On arriving home, she phoned us. - Upon arriving home, she called us. (Gerund).
— (When) Arriving home, she phoned us. - Arriving home, she called us. (Participle).
Gerund and participle as circumstance can be a little confusing for English learners. Thus, the negation " Not+ verbal participle "can have the values condition (condition) and reason (reasons) in Russian. Compare:
- Not knowing German, she will not be able to work in this company. (Condition).
- Not knowing German, she could not work in this company. (Causes)
These examples are displayed differently in English depending on their function. Without + gerund is used to describe the condition, and Not + participle is used to express the reason:
— Without knowing German she won’t be able to work for this company. = If she doesn’t know German, she won’t be able to work for this company.
— Not Knowing German she couldn’t work for this company. = As she didn’t know ...
However, both the gerund and the participle can be used as a circumstance of a course of action and accompanying conditions:
- Richard lay without / not moving, which frightened me. (A gerund and participle adverbial modifier of manner).
- Demi left without / not saying good-bye. (Adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances).
Participle 1 and participle 2 exercises
You have come an incredible journey from the beginning to the end of this article. And if you have mastered all the steps and figured out the most difficult moments, then we offer you to be tested.
Hello reader! Let's continue our acquaintance with the present participles. This time, let's tackle the Perfect shape. For those who have forgotten, let me remind you that a participle in English can be:
About the participle Present Participle Simple. Today I propose to talk about Perfect forms (golden column). This bird is quite rare, but I propose to learn about it in order to understand it in writing: it is found there.
Present Participle Perfect. Active voice
How is it formed: for the formation of Present Participle Perfect, we set have in the form having and add the third form of the verb - asked ⇒ having asked.
Meaning: it is translated into Russian as a real perfect participle: asking, doing, writing, speaking etc.
Role in the proposal: to begin with, I propose to remember what a definition and a circumstance are.
Those who dispense with concepts like "circumstance, definition, participle", etc. - well done. We are glad for you. 🙂 Those who like to organize information in their head - give it five! This article is for you.
We need to remember two terms of the sentence - the definition and the circumstance. The definition is "which"? Defines an item and refers to it.
a beautiful girl, a rising sun, a miracle that happened, etc.
The circumstance is “how, when, for what reason”? Characterizes the action and relates to it:
speaks smiling, calls pretending, opens squatting
Remembered? Fine. So the Present Participle Perfect can only be a CIRCUMSTANCE.
But what about the definition?
A logical question. Those who read the last article remember that the simple participle was translated as our participle (flaming) and as our participle (flaming) and could be both a definition and a circumstance.
What's the problem with Perfect? Why can't it be a definition? After all, there are participles in the Russian language that show the completeness of the action: who asked, who did, who wrote, who did - which we use as a definition. For instance:
Everybody knows the name human who made this discovery.
How to translate "who committed" if Present Participle Perfect is not a definition? Such sentences are translated using clauses:
Everybody knows the name of the man who made that discovery.
Perfect participle as a circumstance
Meaning: denotes an action that occurred BEFORE the action expressed by the predicate.
Having missed the train he spent the whole night at the station.
Having missed the train, he spent the whole night at the train station. (At first I was late, then I spent)
This circumstance causes: he spent the night at the train station because he was late. As a circumstance of reason, only phrases are used, that is, participle + dependent words.
Present Participle Perfect can be a circumstance time:
Having done this work they went home.
Having done this job, they went home. (First done - then let's go)
This was an example with a turnaround: having done + this work... But as a circumstance of time, there can be a single participle:
Having dressed he rushed out of the room.
After getting dressed (= after he got dressed) he jumped out of the room.
Place in the offer: since this is a circumstance, it can be either at the beginning or at the end of a sentence. Usually revolutions are separated by a comma.
I hasten to please: the perfect participle in English is used quite rarely, mainly in a book style. V colloquial speech will say:
When they had done this work they went home.
When they did this job, they went home.
Or even simpler:
They had done this work and went home.
They did the job and went home.
Present Participle Perfect. Passive voice in English
Let me remind you about the pledges that we talked about in. The passive (or passive) voice, known in English as the passive voice, is when the action is performed not by the object itself, but it is performed ABOVE it.
How is it formed: to form a passive voice for Present Participle Perfect, you need between having and asked put been ⇒having been asked, which translates to "was asked."
Meaning: this is also the action preceding the main verb.
Having been forbidden to go out, I stayed at home.
I stayed at home since I was punished. (First punished, then stayed)
It can also be a circumstance of time (when?) Or a reason (why?).
This form is also extremely rarely used and is usually replaced in colloquial speech by a subordinate clause with a passive voice:
Having been given the toy the child stopped crying. ⇒ When the child was given the toy, he stopped crying.
When the child was given a toy, he stopped crying.
Conclusion and future plans
As we said, Present Participle Perfect is rarely used in live speech. At the same time, you can meet with him in an official business style, technical texts, etc. So congratulations: now you can easily recognize it and understand the meaning, and on occasion you can use it. Let's repeat the main thing:
- Present Participle Perfect in the active voice translates as our “asking, doing, writing, speaking, indicating”, etc., in a sentence denotes an action that precedes the main one. Formed like this: having + asked.
- Present Participle Perfect in the passive voice means something like our “was / was asked”, “was / was written”, etc. Also denotes the previous main action. Formed like this: having + been + asked.
- Both pledges - active and passive - are used in the sentence as a circumstance, that is, “why, why, when” an action was taken.
- Because they play the role of circumstance, they can appear at the beginning or end of a sentence.
- Both forms of Present Participle Perfect are rarely used in colloquial speech. But you can meet them in book speech, in technical and scientific literature.
Hello there! Today's article is about fantastic creatures (not creatures) that you probably heard about, but did not want to know - the participles in English. We will tell you what types are, what they mean, how they differ from the gerund, what functions they perform, and, most importantly, how to “tame” them and use them in speech.
Communion in English- this is an impersonal form of an English verb, which can have properties of the verb , both adverbs and adjectives.
The good news is that sometimes the English participle matches the Russian.
Bad news: it can be translated as Russian participle.
The terrible news: English can be easily confused with a gerund.
Understand and accept: has several forms.
Present Participle (Participle I) - present participle
This participle form denotes an action that occurs simultaneously with the predicate verb. To make Present Participle, you need to add the ending “- ing».
I looked at her realizing that was the first time I saw her after a long time.
I looked at her realizing that this was the first time I saw her after a long time.
Several spelling rules:
- If a word ends with " e", Then it is omitted, but if the word ends with" - ee”, Then it does not go down.
com e- com ing
s ee- s eeing
- If a word ends in a consonant preceded by a short stressed vowel, then the consonant is doubled.
- If the word ends in " ie", then " ie"Change to" y».
Present Participle functions in a sentence
- Definition(will come before or after the noun).
It was a very smiling boy.
It was very smiling boy.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
Look at the trees growing in our garden.
- Circumstance(at the beginning or at the end of a sentence, translated into Russian by a gerunds with the ending "-a").
Reading an English book he wrote out many new words.
Reading English book, he wrote out many new words.
Traveling abroad, he attended few courses.
Traveling abroad, he attended several courses.
- Part of the predicate(together with the forms of the verb "to be" forms the tenses of the Continuous group).
They will be working at that time tomorrow.
They they will work tomorrow at this time.
They are swimming together.
They swim together.
- After the verbs of perception(hear, listen, feel, find, notice, watch, smell, see).
I see him looking at me.
I see that he is looking at me. (I see him, the beholder on me)
She notices us studying.
She noticed that we are learning. (She noticed us students)
Past Participle (Participle II) - past participle
Such participles are formed with the ending "- ed»(If the verb is correct) or 3rd form(if wrong).
The museum was just opened last year.
The museum was only open In the past year.
Flowers are grown almost in any part of the world.
Flowers grown in almost any part of the world.
The rules for appending the ending "-ed":
- If a word ends with " -e", Then only the ending" - d».
- If a word ends in a consonant followed by a short stressed vowel, or if the word ends in "- l"Followed by a vowel, the final consonant is doubled .
adm i t - admitt ed
trave l- travell ed
- If the word ends in "- y", Then" y "changes to" ie».
Past Participle functions in a sentence
- Definition(before or after the word being defined).
An opened book was on the table.
Open the book was on the table.
The methods used in this research were quite effective.
Methods, used in this study were quite effective.
- Circumstance of time or reasons(answers the question: "When?", "Why?", "For what reason?").
When asked what he intended to do, he said he didn "t know.
When his asked what he intends to do, he said he did not know.
Squeezed by the ice, the steamer couldn "t continue the way.
Since the steamer was compressed by ice ( sandwiched ice), he could not continue.
- Complex addition(with a noun or pronoun).
She heard her name mentioned.
She heard her name mentioned (she heard her name the mentioned).
I want the work done immediately.
I want the job done immediately (I want the job made immediately).
- Part of the predicate(together with the verb to have forms the predicate in the tenses of the Perfect group).
He had translated the text before I came.
He translated text before I came.
- Predicative(after the verbs be, feel, look, get, become)
My pencil is broken.
My pencil broken.
She looked scared.
She looked scared.
Joe felt depressed.
Joe felt depressed.
IMPORTANT! Russian past participles ( what did- arrived, arrived) are translated into English using clauses without participles.
The delegation that arrived yesterday is staying at the hotel.
Delegation, arrived yesterday, stayed at a hotel (the verb “arrive” has the second form, Past Simple).
The policeman who came up to him asked him to show his driver "s license. come up to him, asked to show his driver's license.
Passive participle
If an object or a person did not perform an action independently, but the action was performed on it, you need Passive voice .
It also happens to the sacrament. For this we need "Be" + "- ing" + "V3"(being done, being built).
The food being served at the party was very tasty.
Food, filed at the party it was very tasty (being served is a passive communion, since the food itself did not serve itself, it was done by someone).
What is the difference between a gerund and a participle?
It will be impossible to confuse you if you remember 2 details:
- Gerund in Russian can always be replaced with a verbal noun (even if it comes out clumsily).
Walking is so pleasant…
Walking is so enjoyable.
I don’t like being offended by you.
I do not like that you offend me (I do not like "offense").
- The participle is always attached to the noun, and the gerund walks by itself.
That man shouting at the policeman seems familiar.
That screaming on a policeman Human seems familiar to me. ("Shouting" refers to the noun "man" - participle)
Shouting will not do any good.
Screams business will not help ("shouting" - gerund).
Perfect participle
This participle is formed from the verb “ have"In Present Participle (that is, with the ending" - ing") and semantic verb Past Participle.
This formula " having» + « V3”Looks like this: having done, having translated, having visited.
The perfect participle indicates that the expressed action happened before the main action in a sentence. In the latter, it performs the function of a circumstance and corresponds to the perfective Russian participle.
We use the perfect participle to combine sentences and make speech smoother and more fluid.
Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
By purchasing bike, she rode it home.
Having lost the key, the boy couldn "t get into the house.
Having lost the key, the boy could not get into the house.
Having graduated from the University, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduating from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
Having lived there for a long time, he didn "t want to move to another town.
Having lived there for a long time, he did not want to move to another city.
If it is difficult to understand this, then just use " after» + gerund(will be the same in meaning):
After graduating from the university, he decided to go to the Far East.
After graduation university, he decided to go to the Far East.
Perfect participle passive voice is formed as follows: " having been» + « V3».
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was cooked ( being cooked), she looked delicious.
Formation of participles in English
Conclusion
So, the English participles are not an easy topic. Let's simplify and summarize their use:
1) Present Participle (doing, translating) answers the questions: “ Doing what?», « Which?»,« What is the doer?».
2) Past Participle (done, translated): “ Which?», « What did he do?».
3) Perfect Participle (having done): " Having done what?».
We hope this article will help you understand English like never before!
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Participle I (Present participle) has two forms simple (Simple) and perfect (Perfect). Consider the perfect form of the present participle.
The perfect or perfect participle is a complex form of Participle I, which is used in the active and passive voice. In Russian, it corresponds to the perfect participle (by reading, constructing).
Formation of the perfect participle
Form III of regular verbs is formed by adding the ending -ed to the stem of the verb:
For the III form of irregular verbs see (III form - 3 columns).
The Participle Perfect (perfect participle) expresses the action that precedes the action of the predicate verb. In sentences it is used only as a function of circumstance.Perfect participle as a circumstance
The perfect participle (Perfect Participle I) in a sentence can play the role of a circumstance of cause and time.
In the role of circumstance, cause
Having lost the key, the boy couldn’t get into the house. - Having lost the key, the boy could not get into the house (he could not get into the house, since he had lost the key).
Having worked in the garden all day, we were very tired. - After working in the garden all day, we were very tired (very tired, as we worked in the garden all day).
Not having slept at night, he wasn’t able to concentrate. - Not having enough sleep at night, he was unable to concentrate (could not concentrate, because he did not get enough sleep).
Having been shown the wrong direction, the travelers soon lost their way. - Since the travelers were shown the wrong direction, they soon got lost (passive voice).
In the role of the circumstance of time
In the function of the tense circumstance, the perfect participle is used to indicate that the action expressed by the participle precedes the action of the predicate verb, or there was a tense gap between the two actions.
Having switched off the lights, we went to bed. - Turning off the light, we went to bed (turned off the light, and then went to bed).
Having asked his mother’s permission, the boy went out to play. - Having asked his mother's permission, the boy went out to play (asked permission, and then went to play).
Having read the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. - After reading the story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf (read the story, and then closed the book).
Having been shown in, he was told to take off his coat and wait for a while. - When (he) was seen, he was asked to take off his coat and wait a little (passive voice).
Entering the room, she turned on the light. - Entering the room, she turned on the light.
Running into the road, he stopped a taxi. - Running out onto the road, he stopped a taxi.
On a note: if the actions follow directly one after the other, then a gerund with prepositions can also be used on or after, which will also be translated into Russian by the participle of the perfect tense.
On hearing (gerund) the news, the woman suddenly turned pale. - Upon hearing this news, the woman suddenly turned pale.
On arriving (gerund) at the town, they went straight to the hotel. - Arriving in the city, they went straight to the hotel.
After leaving (gerund) school, he went to Harvard University. - After leaving school, he entered Harvard University.
The use of a perfect participle as a circumstance, as well as a gerund with prepositions on / after, are characteristic of the literary language; in colloquial speech, the corresponding subordinate clauses are used.
Participle Is an impersonal form of the verb that combines the properties of the verb, adjective and adverb. Communion in English corresponds to the participle and gerunds in Russian.
There are three types of participles in English: present participle, past participle and perfect participle.
Present participle in English
The present participle is formed by adding an ending -ing to the basic form of the verb (that is, to the I form), therefore this participle is also known as "-ing" -form... This form is used:
In a long (extended) time, for example: I am speaking- I am talking;
As an adjective, for example: the film is interesting- film interesting;
As a gerund, for example: he is afraid of flying- he is afraid of fly.
Pay attention to the changes in the letter when creating this form:
| The change | Example |
| If the word ends in one " e", then it is omitted, but if the word ends with a double" e" (that is -ee), then it does not go down. | com e- com ing but: agr ee- agr eeing |
| If a word ends in a consonant followed by a short stressed vowel, then the consonant is doubled. | si t- si tt ing |
| If the word ends with " l"followed by a vowel, then" l"always doubles (note that American English does not enforce this rule). | trave l- trave ll ing ( BrE) trave l- trave l ing ( AmE) |
| If the word ends in "ie", then " ie"is replaced by" y". | l ie- l y ing |
The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs: come, go, sit, in this case it is placed immediately after these verbs, for example:
The girl sat crying on the sofa.
The girl was sitting on the sofa and crying.
The present participle can also be used after the verbs of perception (, etc.), if you do not need to emphasize that the action has been completed, but if you need to show that the action has been completed in full, the infinitive is used.
For instance:
I saw him leaving.
I saw him leaving. ( That is, part of the process, not completely.)
I saw him leave.
I saw that he was gone. ( The action was completed in full.)
In addition, the present participle denotes an action simultaneously with the action of a verb and is used to reduce or combine sentences into active voice with the same subject, for example:
She left the house and whistled... = She left the house whistling.
She left the house whistling.
Past participle in English
The past participle is formed by adding an ending -ed to the basic form of the verb (form I) if it is a regular verb. For irregular verbs, see the third column in the list of irregular verbs.
This form is used:
In the finished (perfect) time, for example: I have spoken- I am talked;
In the passive voice, for example: the letter was written- the letter was written;
As an adjective, for example: I was bored to death - I was horrible boring.
Pay attention to the change in the letter when creating this form:
The past participle is also used to shorten or combine passive sentences with the same subject, for example:
The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. = Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.
The boy was given an apple and he stopped crying.
Perfect participle in English
The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.
The perfect active participle is formed as follows:
having + past participle
For instance:
Having cooked, he set the table.
When he finished cooking, he set the table.
The perfect passive participle is formed as follows:
having been + past participle
For instance:
Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.
When the food was cooked, it looked delicious.
The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine sentences with the same subject if:
One action (the action where the perfect participle is used) ends before the next action occurs, for example:
She bought a bike and cycled home. = Having bought a bike, she cycled home.
Having bought a bicycle, she rode it home.
One action takes place already for a certain period of time, when another action begins, for example:
He had been living there for such a long time that he didn "t want to move to another town. = Having lived there for such a long time, he didn "t want to move to another town.
Having lived there for so long, he did not want to move to another city.
The use of participial expressions in English
If some part of the sentence is shortened using a participle, then such a construction is called participle, For example:
Watching TV, she forgot everything around her.
She forgot about everything while watching TV. ( In this proposal watching TV- participial.)
In English, participial phrases are used mainly in writing in order to enter more information in one sentence.
When using participial phrases, keep in mind the following rules:
In a sentence, the participial phrase and the subordinate sentences related to it must have the same subject.
The participle phrase contains the less important part of the sentence. Important information should be included in the main sentence.
Always make sure you are using the correct participle.
Unions such as as, because, since and relative pronouns such as who and which, are omitted.
Alliances before and when are not omitted and are always used in the participle.
Alliances after and while can be used or omitted.
Using participial expressions with different subjects
Sometimes participial phrases can be used even if the combined sentences have different subjects. This happens if, for example, the main sentence contains one of the following verbs in combination with an object: feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch.
For instance:
I heard him playing the guitar.
I heard him play the guitar. ( Here the participial phrase must immediately follow the object to which it refers.)
Also, the participle turnover can be used if both subjects are mentioned (in such cases, the conjunction is often put before the subject in the participle turnover with). However, this is a very formal form and is rarely used.
For instance:
Mrs. Jones went to New York. Mr. Smith took up her position. = (With) Mrs. Jones going to New York, Mr. Smith took up her position.
Since Mrs. Jones left for New York, Mr. Smith took over her position.
