Nodes can connect to ISP(Internet Service Provider) and the Internet in several ways.

Obtaining a public or private address depends on the host connection method.

Direct connection

Some customers have only one computer with a direct modem connection to their ISP. In this case, the public address from the ISP's DHCP server is assigned to only one host.

Connection via integrated router

If you need to connect multiple nodes to the Internet, you can connect the ISP modem not to a single computer, but directly to the integrated router. This creates a home network or a small business network. The integrated router receives public addresses from the ISP. Internal hosts receive private addresses from the router.

Connection via gateway

Gateways combine an integrated router and modem and connect directly to an ISP. As with integrated routers, the gateway receives a public address from the ISP, while PCs on the internal network receive private addresses from the gateway.

The microcontroller refers to a programmable type of microcircuit, on the basis of which it is possible to assemble a circuit of any automatic device. Such a device can be a simple circuit with a blinking LED, or an automaton that performs complex calculations and controls other devices. The main element in both cases can be the same microcontroller, the difference will be only in the program written to it.
The availability of microcontrollers and the ease of writing your own programs for them, makes microcontrollers very tempting for assembling a wide variety of circuits. Previously, to change the functions of a device built on conventional logic microcircuits, it was necessary to change the circuit itself, desolder and solder parts, but now the design on the microcontroller usually only needs to be reprogrammed. Partly because of this ease of changing functions, microcontrollers quickly supplanted devices built on multiple logic gates.
Programs for microcontrollers can be written in various programming languages ​​using special computer programs. The written and converted (compiled) program is transferred to the microcontroller using a programmer.
A programmer is an electronic device to which a microcontroller is connected, as well as a programmer is a computer program that controls the process of transferring a prepared program from a computer to a microcontroller.
The design with the microcontroller into which the firmware is flashed is called the target design or target circuit.

It is usually possible to determine which meaning of the words "programmer" or "firmware" is used from the context. Next, we will see that it is not so difficult.

Most programmer programs can be configured to work with different programmer adapter schemes. The programmer-adapter is connected to the computer through any input-output port. Currently, there are three most common ways to connect the programmer to a computer via any port:

In recent years, the LPT printer parallel port and serial COM port have been supplanted by the USB port. However, separate expansion boards for the LPT and/or COM port are still commercially available. Such cards ("multiports") can be additionally installed in an existing computer, but it is impossible or extremely difficult to add a laptop with a COM or LPT port.

Rice. one. USB-COM adapter.

At the same time, almost all modern computers and laptops have at least one USB port, and inexpensive USB-COM adapters are also common, which allow you to create a missing COM port on a computer with a USB port.

Often, programmer circuits for a USB port are quite complicated. s for repetition by novice electronics engineers, and often contain a microcontroller, which also needs to be flashed in some way first, you can advise a simple programmer circuit that connects to a computer to a COM port or to USB via a USB-COM adapter. It is not possible to flash the microcontroller through the existing USB-LPT adapters, since these adapters do not "emulate" the LPT port, but only control the work with the printer.
It must be warned that the program is loaded into the microcontroller through the USB-COM adapter dozens of times. O more than through a "normal" COM port, and you have to put up with it.

Perhaps most beginners choose ATMEL's eight-bit RISC architecture AVR microcontrollers because of their flexibility, well-documented use cases, and low price. These microcontrollers, like many others, can be programmed through the ISP interface.

The ISP interface consists of five wires: MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET and GND. Connecting an ISP programmer allows you to program microcontrollers, (in most cases) without removing the microcontroller itself from the circuit.

Among radio amateurs, many programmer circuits for a serial COM port are common. Many of them are assembled with several transistors and zener diodes, and even with several resistors. The advantage of such schemes is their simplicity, but they also have an important drawback. The fact is that the RS-232 standard allows deviations in voltage levels at the pins of the COM port, and these deviations can vary greatly for different computer manufacturers, while still remaining within the allowed limits. Therefore, such a simple scheme that works on one computer may work intermittently on another or not at all. It is also very inconvenient that the programmer, assembled according to the simplest scheme, must be connected and disconnected from the target structure each time for the duration of the firmware session.

The above disadvantages are lacking in the circuit in Fig. 2. This is a programmer for a serial COM port on only two common microcircuits: an RS232 microcircuit - the MAX232 driver (or equivalent) and a logical microcircuit 74LS240 (domestic analogue of K555AP3).
The MAX232 chip is a widely used four-channel driver (level converter) of the RS-232 interface (from about minus 12 to plus 12 volts) to CMOS / TTL levels (5-volt logic level). The 74LS240 is a four-line dual inverting buffer with output resolution.

Rice. 2. myPROGGER schema.

The programmer assembled according to this scheme has the following advantages.

The concept of ispmanager of foreign origin hides a domestic multifunctional control panel for an Internet server through a clear web interface. Everything is so accessible that the dominant operation of its management occurs with a simple click of the mouse. With its help, sites and domains are created, as well as mailboxes.

It is designed in such a way that the administration of all server users is taken into account. It can be used both on a private level and to provide professional hosting. ispmanager has three versions: Lite, Pro and Cluster. They allow you to solve various problems.

The user can work with the panel as an administrator, as a reseller (for Pro and Cluster versions), as well as as a user, and can also create an FTP and mail account. Since there are several versions, it is quite possible to choose the desired option, both in terms of functionality and in terms of cost.

Administrator, reseller and ISPmanager user

ispmanager is able to work on various operating systems, supports a fairly wide list of software and is not tied to a specific set of them. It is flexible in management and does not require a large amount of system resources. To work with it, you need to purchase a license. This panel is very popular in the virtual territory of Russia, especially among webmasters who are just starting their work. The ispmanager panel is constantly updated for even better use.

Once a usage license has been purchased, you can proceed with its installation. Further use will depend on the level at which panel control is selected. If as an administrator, then in his hands will be the largest number of levers of his control.

The reseller will be content with the functions that the UN received from the server administrator, but the user can receive interaction with the server at the client level, that is, without the ability to access its settings. Each new worker should automatically be assigned to one of the categories, and it is this factor that will become dominant in determining access to the settings.

ISPmanager panel categories

The panel, depending on the level of the user, quickly switches from one mode to another, thereby providing a certain group with its own controls. Such a control panel system is the basis for working with a web server. Depending on what rights the worker entered the site in his arsenal, the selection of certain categories of management will be available, which will be different. We list just a few of the categories.

The so-called category accounts will allow you to work with user records. In it, the system administrator can create new users and edit entries that already exist. No less interesting and useful is such a category as domains. It will allow you to work with domain names and email domains. It will allow you to create new domains on the site and edit those that already exist.

The category tools also has its own role. It contains the main tools of the platform. This is a file manager, creating databases and editing them, a firewall, monitoring the included server services, as well as a mechanism for rebooting it.

The maintenance category will allow you to configure the backup and restore the site from a copy if necessary. In this category, the level of access is important. So the administrator will be able to make a copy of the entire server, the user will be able to copy only his account. There are other categories in the panel that are no less necessary.

International container shipping assumes that the parties involved will be from at least two different countries. To facilitate the process, when preparing documentation, English is traditionally used as the most common language. The transport documents accompanying maritime transportation contain a lot of specific terms, abbreviations and abbreviations. Even an excellent knowledge of English is not enough for a person without a specialized education to understand the intricacies of the bill of lading, the intricacies of calculating the amount of freight and the reasons for fluctuations in the basic freight rate. This material is designed to make life easier for people who are faced with the "difficulties of translating" documents into an understandable, accessible language.

General terms and definitions used in the international transport of containers

When concluding a contract for the transportation of a container, you must be fully aware of how this process will take place, which actors are involved in it, who is responsible for what and, most importantly, who will pay for what in which case. Understanding the terms used in transport documents is the key to understanding the situation as a whole, controlling this situation and, ultimately, successfully completing the transport operation.

Interpreter

Aggregate Shipping	Collective shipment	Consolidation of several small consignments from different senders into a large consignment transported under one bill of lading.
Average	Crash	Damages and losses incurred as a result of a transport accident. Also unforeseen expenses and donations made in order to save the freight (cargo, ship) from danger.
Arrival Date	Arrival date	Date of cargo arrival
Basic Route	Main route	A specified sequence of points between a vehicle's origin and its destination.
Bonded Warehouse	Bonded warehouse (customs warehouse, temporary storage warehouse)	A customs-controlled warehouse where goods can be stored without being subject to government taxes.
Booking note	Application for transportation	Request for the reservation of containers and places, after which the applicant is obliged to deliver the goods by the specified date. It is the basis for drawing up a bill of lading.
Bulk Cargo	bulk cargo	Dry cargo transported "in bulk" (without containers) on sea vessels: ore, sand, coal, grain, etc. Bulk carriers (special vessels with large holds) are used to transport such goods.
Basic Terms of Delivery	Basic terms of delivery	A documented distribution between the shipper and the consignee of the obligation to pay the costs. Determines the moment of transfer of ownership of the cargo and insurance risks.
Cargo	Cargo	Goods moved between the point of origin and the point of delivery.
Carriage Conditions	Conditions of carriage	Rules and regulations established by the carrier regarding the transport of goods.
carrier	Carrier	A person who provides transportation services on a commercial basis.
Clean Bill of Lading	Clean bill of lading	A bill of lading that does not contain notes about the defective condition of the cargo or its packaging.
Consignee	Consignee	The person to whom the carrier is authorized to hand over the goods.
consignment	Sending	A set of measures for the transfer of cargo to the carrier and its transportation to the recipient.
Consignor	Shipper	The person who delivers the goods to the carrier at the point of origin. Also: a person who, on his own behalf, concludes a contract of carriage.
Dangerous Goods	Dangerous goods	Goods that, during transportation or storage, can cause an explosion or fire, injury, illness or death of people and animals, cause environmental damage. For example, flammables, explosives, infectious and radioactive materials, etc.
Delivery	Delivery	The process of transporting cargo to its destination.
Delivery note	Waybill	A document delivered with a shipment, drawn up by the sender and signed by the recipient at the point of destination.
delivery point	Place of delivery	The point at which ownership of a good is transferred from the supplier to the recipient.
Departure Date	departure date	Shipment date.
Dimension	Linear dimensions	The transport characteristic of the cargo, describing its length, height, width, diameter, etc. Some carriers indicate the minimum / maximum linear dimensions that the cargo must comply with.
Dispatch	dispatcher	A chartered consideration paid by a carrier to a charterer for completing loading before the laytime expires. As a rule, it is equal to half of the downtime fee.
Dock	Doc	A port facility where ships are inspected and repaired. Docks are dry and floating.
Feeder	Feeder	A ship/line for transporting goods within the same basin or transporting containers between an ocean-going vessel and a port.
Freight	Freight	the payment specified in the contract to the carrier for the transportation of cargo by sea; cargo on a chartered vessel; transportation of goods on a chartered vessel.
Freight forwarder	Forwarder	An intermediary who organizes the process of cargo transportation, but not necessarily directly involved in it.
Freight Collect	Paid freight	The freight is paid by the consignee at the port of discharge.
Freight Prepaid	Prepaid Freight	The freight is paid by the sender at the port of departure.
General Cargo	General cargo	Piece or packaged cargo that can be recalculated.
grouping, grouping	Grouping, consolidation, consolidation	Consolidation of several small consignments into one combined shipment under a group bill of lading.
time	laytime	The period specified in the charter during which the carrier keeps the vessel under loading without penalty to the charterer.
multimodal transport	Multimodal transportation	The process of transporting goods in which more than one mode of transport is involved.
Notify Party	Notified Party	The person (party) named on the consignment note to whom the carrier must notify of the arrival of the shipment. As a rule, this is the forwarder.
Place of Acceptance	Place of acceptance	The place from which the liability of the carrier begins.
Place of Delivery	Place of delivery	The place where the carrier's liability ends.
Place of Discharge	Place of unloading	The place where the goods are handed over to the client or a person authorized by him.
Loading place	The place where the goods are handed over to the carrier.
Rejection	Refusal to accept goods	The refusal of the recipient to accept the goods from the carrier in connection with its damage.
Reshipment (Transshipment)	Overload, transshipment	Moving cargo from one vehicle to another.
Returnable Packing (Container)	Returnable packaging	A container owned by a supplier or carrier and subject to return within a specified period. In case of loss or untimely return of the container to the owner, the guilty person shall pay a fine.
Shipping	Shipping, shipping	The process of transferring cargo to a carrier for the purpose of delivering it to a recipient.
Shipping Request	Transport request	Instructions for sending the goods, on the basis of which the bill of lading is filled out. See also Booking Note.
unloading	The process of freeing a container or vehicle from a load.
Vendor	The supplier	Any natural or legal person who supplies goods.
Waybill	Bill of lading	A document accompanying the cargo confirming that the carrier has accepted the cargo and is obliged to deliver it to the consignee at the port of destination. Unlike a bill of lading, it does not have title to goods.
Container	Container	Reusable standardized packaging for the transportation of goods by various modes of transport.

INCOTERMS, FOB, CIF...

Incoterms ( Incoterms rules or International Commercial Terms), this set of rules developed by the International Chamber of Commerce, which is designed to standardize and optimize the process of concluding contracts at the international level as much as possible. The rights and obligations of the parties under different terms of delivery are grouped by INCOTERMS into 13 sections,
The main advantage of Incoterms is that the parties to the transaction do not need to separately prescribe in the contract a complete list of their rights and obligations. Unified interpretation terms allows you to reach mutual understanding, in which the parties to a foreign trade agreement will not have disagreements in determining the same concepts.
It is important to understand that the norms of "Incoterms" are exclusively advisory nature. If the contract refers to a specific "Incoterms", then they acquire legal force and compliance with the conditions included in the contract becomes mandatory for the parties.
At the same time, if the contract refers to delivery basis according to Incoterms, and some clauses of the contract do not correspond to the terms of delivery of Incoterms used, then the provisions of the contract, and not Incoterms, are applied. In this case, it is considered that the parties to the transaction have stipulated such exceptions from Incoterms in the interpretation of individual terms of delivery.
The scope of "Incoterms" extends to the rights and obligations of the parties under the contract of sale in terms of the supply of goods. Basically, the basis determines the obligations, cost and risks arising from the delivery of goods from the seller to the buyer, indicate how the obligations of the parties are distributed for transportation and insurance, ensuring appropriate packaging of the goods, performing loading and unloading operations, establishing the moment of transfer of the risk of accidental loss or damage to the goods ; on obtaining export and import licenses, performing customs formalities for the export and import of goods; the procedure for notifying the buyer of the delivery of goods and providing him with the necessary transport documents.

Standardized conditions for sending and loading cargo in a sea container

When sending sea containers and choosing the conditions for their transportation, a number of concepts, specific abbreviations and abbreviations are used, which we discussed in a separate article.

• Container shipping options. Determining the base rate.
• Container loading options. Difference between CY and CFS.
• Container transportation. Formation of freight cost.
• The choice of conditions (term) for sending the container.
• Container terms for container shipping and loading - Glossary.

Abbreviations and abbreviations for container shipping:

In fact, there are many more different abbreviations and abbreviations used in international maritime container shipping than shown in the table below. We have selected the most commonly used and significant terms that you may encounter when preparing and interpreting transport documents for the transportation of containers.

Container labeling. Sea container type abbreviations

As a rule, when concluding a foreign trade transaction, one or another party knows what type of container is needed for the cargo being transported. However, you should always make sure that at least a typo has not crept into the contract and the type of container you need corresponds to what is indicated in the documents.

Abbreviations and Abbreviations for Container Types

BC BU	Bulk Container	Dry container of standard dimensions, equipped with special openings for loading / unloading. It is intended for transportation of bulk cargoes.
DC	Dry Container	dry container. See also GP.
FR	flat rack	Platform container without roof and side walls. It is used for transportation of heavy oversized cargo (parts of machines, equipment, machinery).
GP	General Purpose	Standard, universal 20' or 40' container. It is used to transport a wide range of goods that are suitable in size and do not require special transportation conditions.
HC HQ	high cube	A container with an increased overall height, designed to transport goods up to 2.7 m high.
HTC	Heavy Tested Container	Reinforced steel 20' container.
OT UT	open top	A container with a removable roof made of flexible material or tarpaulin, designed to transport oversized cargo or cargo that can only be loaded into the container vertically from above.
PW	pallet wide	A container with an increased overall width that allows you to place 2 standard pallets side by side.
RE RT RS	Refrigerated Container	A refrigerated container used for the transport of temperature-sensitive goods (food, some chemicals).
TC	tank container	A cistern (tank) mounted on a rigid frame of standard dimensions. It is intended for transportation of various bulk cargoes.
VC VT	Ventilated Container	A container equipped with a natural or forced ventilation system. Designed for the transportation of goods that need to be removed from the container of condensate, non-hazardous fumes or in the process of air exchange with the external environment.

Breakdown of liner port dues and base freight surcharges for container transportation

Depending on the route followed by the container with the cargo, the features and conditions of transportation, certain charges will be included in the basic freight rate. For example, for containers from Southeast Asia, the freight rate will include a fee for passing the Gulf of Aden plus a surcharge for the risk of a ship being attacked by pirates and much more that the liner carrier comes up with.

Freight Base Rate Surcharges, Port and Liner Dues

ACS	Atmosphere Control Surcharge	Surcharge for air composition control (in refrigerated container).
ALL IN	All Inclusive	"All inclusive". The cost of transportation includes all possible additional fees and surcharges.
ASC SCN SCS SCT STF STT SUZ	Suez Canal Surcharge Suez Canal Fee Suez Transit Fee Suez Canal Transit Fee	Surcharge for the passage of the ship through the Suez Canal.
BAF	Bunker adjustment factor	correction factor for the cost of freight when changing the cost of fuel. Tied to oil prices. Shipping lines set their own independent BAF rates.
BAS BUC	Basic Ocean Freight Base Freight Rate	Basic freight rate. The basic cost of transporting cargo from the port of departure to the port of destination.
CAF	Currency Adjustment Factor	Currency adjustment coefficient, currency surcharge. A value expressed as a percentage of the basic freight rate and designed to compensate for changes in the exchange rate between the currency of the freight and the currency in which the carrier incurred the transportation costs.
CCC CCL	Container Cleaning Charge Container Cleaning Fee	Fee for cleaning the container before sending it to the owner.
CDD	Submission of Cargo Declaration Data Fee	Fee for drawing up and filing a declaration on the composition of the goods.
COD	Change of Destination	Destination change surcharge.
COL	Collection Fee	Cash on delivery shipping fee.
CSC SCC	Container Service Charge Service container charge	Container fee
CSF	Container Security Fee	Fee for increased container security.
css SER	Carrier Security Surcharge	Surcharge for the safety of cargo during transportation.
CUC CUD CCH CHS	Chassis Using Charge Chassis Utilization Charge Chassis Surcharge	Additional fee for the use of the chassis (technological transport intended for the transportation of a container in the port area).
CWC	20" Heavy Weight Charge	Surcharge for excess loading of a 20-foot container.
CWS	Container Weighing Surcharge	Container weighing surcharge.
DCF	Dangerous Cargo Document Fee	Fee for registration of documents for dangerous goods.
DCI	Dangerous Cargo Surcharge	Dangerous goods surcharge.
DDC	Destination Delivery Charge	Fee for unloading at the port of destination.
DDF DOD	Destination Document Fee	Fee for paperwork at the port of destination.
DET	Detention	detenshen The amount paid to the owner of the ship by the charterer for the demurrage of the ship supercontraline time. According to the demurrage, the charterer must compensate the shipowner for all losses that he may incur due to the delay of the vessel for the next voyage, reduction in freight rates, etc. Penalties for excess use of the container after its removal from the terminal and until it is returned empty to the owner at a pre-agreed location. Super-counterlay time - demurrage of the vessel after the end of the layoff period.
DMR	Demurrage Fee	Demurrage
DOC DOL	Origine Document Fee	Fee for paperwork at the port of departure.
DOF	Delivery Order Fee	Shared bill of lading fee.
DPA	Destination Transport Arbitrary	Incidental shipping costs at the port of departure.
DRO	Drop off fee Drop Off Charge	Fee for returning an empty container to the owner's terminal.
DTHC DHC THC-D THC/D	Terminal Handling Charges in Destination	Unloading costs at the port of destination.
EBS	Emergency Bunker Surcharge	Unforeseen bunker surcharge.
EBS EIS	Equipment Imbalance Surcharge	Extra charge for transportation of unstable equipment.
ECH	Emergency Surcharge	Unexpected expenses.
EDI	Electronic Data Interchange Fee	Fee for electronic document management.
EFA	Emergency Fuel Additional	Unexpected fuel consumption.
EHC EHD	Equipment Handover Charge	Fee for the return of an empty container (equipment).
EIS	Extra Insurance Surcharge	Surcharge for extra-insurance.
EMS GAC GAS	Aden Gulf Surcharge Gulf of Aden Charge Gulf of Aden Surcharge	Fee for the passage of the vessel through the Gulf of Aden.
EQH	Equipment Handling Charge	Fee for the operation of equipment.
ERS	Emergency Risk Surcharge	Extra charge for unforeseen risks.
EXP	Export Service Charge	Fee for the export of goods.
FAC	Forwarding Agent Commission Freight forwarder commission	Forwarding (brokerage) commission.
FFX	Frais Fixes	Fixed costs.
FTS	Freight Tax Surcharge	Freight tax surcharge. An amount intended to compensate the shipowner for taxes levied in some countries on freight.
FUM	Fumigation Charge	Surcharge for disinfection (fumigation).
FUS	Intermodal Fuel Surcharge	Fuel surcharge for multimodal transportation.
GRI	General Rate Increase	Increase in the general rate (general tariff).
HAZ	Hazardous Surcharge	Dangerous or difficult conditions surcharge.
HMF	Harbor Maintenance Fee	United States Port Facilities Fee.
HWS OWC OWS HEA HLC HWCS	Heavy Weight Surcharge Over Weight Surcharge Heavy Lift Charges Heavy weight container charge	Surcharge for exceeding the standard weight of a 20-foot container.
IBF	Ice Break Fee	Fee for breaking ice in the bay (valid only in St. Petersburg).
IHE	Export Inland Rate	domestic import rate.
IMO	Hazardous charge Dangerous Cargo Surcharge	Dangerous goods surcharge.
ISC	Intermodal Service Charge	Surcharge for multimodal transportation.
ISPS ISD SEC SPD PSC SPS	International Security Port Surcharge Port Security Charge	Surcharge for security in the port.
LSC LSF LSS	Low Sulfur Contribution Low Sulfur Surcharge Low Surplur Fuel Surcharge	Surcharge for low sulfur content in fuel (environmental fee).
MPF MAR	Merchandise Processing Fee	Handling fee.
ODF	Documentation Fee in Origin	Fee for paperwork in the country of departure.
ODS	Over Dimension Charge Open Top Surcharge	Surcharge for cargo exceeding the size of the container.
OTA	Transport Arbitrary in Origin	Unforeseen transport costs at the port of departure.
OTHC OHC THC-L THC-O	Terminal Handling Charges in Origin Handling Charges in Origin	Expenses for terminal handling of a container at the port of departure.
PAD	Port Additional Surcharge	Additional port surcharges.
PAE	Port Dues - Export	Additional port export duties.
PAI	Port Dues	Additional port import duties.
PCC PCS PNS	Panama Transit Fee Panama Canal Surcharge Panama Surcharge	Fee for the passage of the ship through the Panama Canal.
PCS CGS CGD CON CSD	Port Congestion Surcharge (in Origin or Destination)	Additional fee in connection with the overload of container capacities of the port (for example, in the summer-autumn period). Initiated by the port.
PKS PS	Peak Season Surcharge	Seasonal surcharge due to the increasing volume of traffic in the summer-autumn period. Initiated by the carrier.
POS	Equipment Positioning Surcharge	Surcharge for placement of equipment.
PRI PRM	Primage	Surcharge for the use of ship's loading devices.
PRS	Piracy Risk Surcharge	Surcharge for the risk of a ship being attacked by pirates (for example, when a ship passes through the Strait of Aden)
RCP	Reefer Container Plugging and Monitoring	Surcharge for sealing and monitoring of a refrigerated container.
RCS RSC RES	Surcharge Consommation Reefer Reefer Surcharge	Compensation of the carrier's costs for the maintenance of the refrigerated container.
SBC	Supplementary Bunker Charge	Additional bunker allowance.
SBF	Standard B.A.F.	Standard bunker fee.
SEQ SEP SES	Special Equipment Premium Special Equipment Surcharge	Surcharge for the use of special equipment (including 20-foot reinforced containers).
SER	Carrier Security Charge	Surcharge for ensuring the safety of cargo during transportation.
SSC	Special Stowage Charge	Surcharge for special stowage (stowage of fragile or dangerous goods).
SUR	Survey Fee	Fee for insurance expertise.
TAX	Government and Port Taxes	State and port fees.
THC	Terminal Handling Charges	Costs for terminal handling of a container at the port of departure/destination.
TSO TSC	Terminal Security Surcharge Terminal Security Charge	Terminal security surcharge (included in ISPS).
TSUR	Transhipment Surcharge	Surcharge for transshipment from one ship to another.
ULF	Agent Fee Agent Surcharge Agency/Logistics Fee	Agent's commission. A fee charged by a maritime agency for servicing a vessel sent to its address. Each port is determined by its own tariff.
WFC WHG WHF WHA	Wharfage	Berthing dues, port duty. Fee for the use of berthing facilities, storage of cargo at the pier, delivery of cargo from the boron to the warehouse or from the warehouse to the ship.
WNS WCS	Winter Surcharge	Winter, ice surcharge. It is used in ports where there is a risk of water area icing to compensate for the costs of anti-ice measures and the operation of icebreakers.
WRS WAR	War Risk Surcharge War Risk Premium	military risk. Surcharge for a ship calling at ports located in a war zone.

Other abbreviations and abbreviations used in container shipping

Common abbreviations used in container shipping

BL	Bill of Lading	Bill of lading. An analogue of the bill of lading for water or multimodal transportation. A document confirming the fact of the transfer of goods by the sender to the carrier. The bill of lading states: port and date of loading port and date of unloading sender information recipient information (if specified) carrier information name, article, weight and volume of cargo freight and its conditions place and time of issuance of the bill of lading, number of its copies.
BFR	Basic Freight Rate	Basic (basic) freight rate. The amount, which includes the costs of the charter owner for loading, unloading, reloading and storage of cargo, as well as his costs for the ship's voyage.
CBM	Cubic Meter	cubic meter.
IND	Inland Destination	Transportation of goods inland.
CRC	Container Restitution Control	Control over the return of the empty container to the owner.
ETR	Empty Tank Return	Return of an empty tank.
CUI	Customs Inspection	Customs control.
CUS	Customs Duty	Customs duty.
EX1	Export Declaration	export declaration.
ETA	Estimated Time of Arrival	Estimated time of arrival of the vessel.
ENS	Entry Summary Declaration	Import customs declaration.
ETD	Estimated Time of Departure	Estimated time of ship's departure.
FAK	Freight All Kinds	Miscellaneous (consisting of different goods) cargo. Subject to higher duties. Single freight rate. It is used to calculate the cost of transporting a cargo consisting of different goods (for example, a general container).
DIM	Dimentions	Dimensions. The main dimensions of the container, package, product, etc.
DGP	Dangerous goods	Dangerous goods.
CNEE	Consignee	Consignee.
CGO	Cargo	Cargo. Cargo transported by ship or aircraft and subject to insurance.
CC	Custom Clearance	Customs clearance (customs clearance).
EVP	Equivalent Vingt Pieds (20")	see TEU
FEU	Fourty-foot Equivalent Unit	Forty foot equivalent. Conventional unit for measuring the capacity of vehicles, equivalent to the dimensions of a 40-foot container. Equal to two TEU.
FEE	Feeder Freight	Feeder transportation. Transportation of goods by sea over short distances between two or more ports. It is used for grouping cargoes before transportation on the high seas or for distribution of cargoes after it.
HBL	House Bill of Lading	Through bill of lading (for door-to-door transportation).
HDL LOLO	lift-on lift-off	A type of container ship that is loaded and unloaded by port cranes.
INV	commercial invoice	Commercial invoice, invoice. A document containing a description of the goods and a demand to pay a specified amount. Issued by the seller in the name of the buyer.
LT	local time	The local time.
MBL	Master Bill of Lading	Liner bill of lading (issued by the shipping line).
SM	Shipping Manifest	Ship cargo declaration. A document that contains information about the composition, volume, weight and value of the cargo, the consignor and the consignee.
MT	Metric Ton	Metric ton.
MV	Mother Vessel	Large-tonnage liner vessel serving ports with a large cargo turnover.
NVOCC	Non Vessel Operating Common Carriers Non Vessel Operating Container Carrier	Transport operator providing combined door-to-door delivery. Companies that have the right to issue their own bills of lading, but do not have their own ships. They charter part of the cargo volumes from shipowners.
OBL	Ocean Bill of Lading Marine Bill of Lading	Ocean (marine) bill of lading.
OGC OOG	Out of Gage Load Out of Gauge	Oversized cargo. Cargo. for which at least one of the parameters exceeds the parameters of a standard package.
PACK	Packing List	Description of the delivery set. A document that lists the goods being shipped and specifies their recipient.
PCK	package	Container, packaging. Means for protecting the transported goods from loss and damage.
loading port.
POD	Port of Delivery	Delivery port.
PRE	Precarriage	Transportation of cargo from the place of its receipt to the place of loading onto the main vehicle (as a rule, in case of multimodal transportation).
SEA FRT	sea ​​freight ocean freight	Sea (ocean) freight.
STC	Said to contain Said to Be	Content as requested. A clause in the so-called "clean bill of lading", which relieves the carrier of liability for a shortage of cargo, provided that the integrity of the container has not been violated.
T/T	Transit Time	Transit time of transportation.
TEU	Twenty-Foot Equivalent Unit	Twenty foot equivalent. Conventional unit for measuring the capacity of vehicles, equivalent to the volume of a container 20 feet long.

Freight forwarder or carrier? Three secrets and international cargo transportation

Forwarder or carrier: which one to choose? If the carrier is good and the forwarder is bad, then the first one. If the carrier is bad, and the forwarder is good, then the second one. Such a choice is simple. But how to decide when both applicants are good? How to choose from two seemingly equivalent options? The problem is that these options are not equal.

Scary stories of international transportation

BETWEEN THE HAMMER AND THE ANVIL.

It is not easy to live between a transportation customer and a very cunningly economical cargo owner. One day we received an order. Freight for three kopecks, additional conditions for two sheets, the collection is called .... Loading on Wednesday. The car is already in place on Tuesday, and by lunchtime the next day, the warehouse begins to slowly throw into the trailer everything that your forwarder has collected for his customers-recipients.

ENCHANTED PLACE - PTO KOZLOVICHI.

According to legends and experience, everyone who transported goods from Europe by road knows what a terrible place is the PTO Kozlovichi, Brest customs. What chaos the Belarusian customs officers are doing, they find fault in every possible way and tear at exorbitant prices. And it is true. But not all...

HOW UNDER THE NEW YEAR WE CARRIED DRY MILK.

Groupage loading at a consolidation warehouse in Germany. One of the cargoes is powdered milk from Italy, the delivery of which was ordered by the Forwarder .... A classic example of the work of the forwarder-"transmitter" (he does not delve into anything, he only passes along the chain).

Documents for international transport

International road transport of goods is very organized and bureaucratic, as a result - for the implementation of international road transport of goods, a lot of unified documents are used. It doesn’t matter if it’s a customs carrier or an ordinary one – he won’t go without documents. Although it is not very exciting, we have tried to simply state the purpose of these documents and the meaning that they have. They gave an example of filling in TIR, CMR, T1, EX1, Invoice, Packing List...

Calculation of axle load for trucking

Purpose - to study the possibility of redistributing loads on the axles of the tractor and semi-trailer when changing the location of the cargo in the semi-trailer. And the application of this knowledge in practice.

In the system we are considering, there are 3 objects: a tractor $(T)$, a semi-trailer $(\large ((p.p.)))$ and a cargo $(\large (gr))$. All variables related to each of these objects will be superscripted $T$, $(\large (p.p.))$ and $(\large (gr))$ respectively. For example, the unladen weight of a tractor would be denoted as $m^(T)$.

Why don't you eat mushrooms? Customs exhaled sadness.

What is happening in the international road transport market? The Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation has already banned the issuance of TIR Carnets without additional guarantees in several federal districts. And she notified that from December 1 of this year she would completely break the contract with the IRU as inappropriate for the requirements of the Customs Union and put forward non-childish financial claims.
IRU responded: “The explanations of the Russian Federal Customs Service regarding the alleged debt of ASMAP in the amount of 20 billion rubles are a complete fabrication, since all the old TIR claims have been fully settled ..... What do we, simple carriers, think?

Stowage Factor Weight and volume of cargo when calculating the cost of transportation

The calculation of the cost of transportation depends on the weight and volume of the cargo. For maritime transport, volume is most often decisive, for air transport it is weight. For road transport of goods, a complex indicator plays an important role. Which parameter for calculations will be chosen in a particular case depends on specific weight of cargo (Stowage Factor) .

We will learn what an ISP interface is, we will deal with an inexpensive and convenient USB ISP programmer. Consider the circuit diagrams of the simplest programmers for AVR microcontrollers using the COM and LPT ports of a computer. This information is quite enough to flash most AVR microcontroller models not only in Linux, but also in other operating systems.

ISP In-System Programming Interface

In order to write a program to the AVR microcontroller, you will need a programmer.

programmer- this is a small electronic circuit that allows you to connect the microcontroller to one of the computer ports (COM, LPT, USB) for subsequent reading and writing firmware (programming).

There are quite a few different designs of programmers for AVR microcontrollers that connect to different ports on a computer.

The most reliable and convenient option is a programmer that connects to a USB port, since new desktop computers and laptops no longer install COM and LPT ports.

In finished devices, the programmer is connected to the microcontroller via an interface ISP(In System Programming) - an interface for intra-system programming. The ISP interface consists of several conductors through which the clock signal and data are received to connect the programmer with the microcontroller.

As a rule, the ISP interface is placed on boards in the form of ten or six pins, to which the programmer is connected via a suitable connector via a cable.

Rice. 4. ISP interface on the board.

Pin assignment in ISP interface:

1. VCC - plus power supply, usually + 5V;
2. GND - minus power supply, ground (Ground);
3. MOSI - data input (Master Out Slave In);
4. MISO - data output (Master In Slave Out);
5. SCK - clock signal (Serial Clock);
6. RST - to send a reset signal (Reset).

For in-circuit programming of the microcontroller, only 4 pins are enough, since the microcontroller can be powered from the circuit itself where it is installed.

How to connect the programmer to the AVR microcontroller chip if it is not soldered into the circuit? - very simple, using the same pins of the ISP interface, if necessary, powering the microcontroller from a power source.

Programmer USB ISP ASP

To work with AVR chips, I purchased an inexpensive USB ISP programmer for about $10. Such a device is now on sale in many domestic and foreign online stores, so there should be no problems with the purchase.

Rice. 5. USB ISP - a programmer with a loop for in-circuit programming of AVR microcontrollers from ATMEL.

This programmer is safe to use, has a small size and is supported by most programs for flashing AVR microcontrollers. The USB ISP runs under Linux, Mac OS X and Windows operating systems. For Linux, you do not need to install any drivers, after connecting the programmer to the USB port, the device will be immediately detected and ready for use.

Below is the pinout of the USB ISP programmer connectors - it will come in handy later when connecting to the microcontroller.

Rice. 6. The location of the pins on the USB ISP connector (pinout).

Rice. 7. The location of the contacts in the sockets of the connector connected to the USB ISP programmer.

What to do if it is not possible to buy a USB ISP programmer?- you can program microcontrollers using simple home-made programmers that connect to a COM or LPT port, but it's better to make a USB ISP yourself while programming the microcontroller chip for it once with a simple home-made programmer through a COM or LPT port.

Rice. 8. Schematic diagram of a homemade USB ASP ISP programmer.

Detailed information on the manufacture of USB ASP, as well as printed circuit boards, drivers and firmware for the microcontroller can be found on the official website: http://www.fischl.de/usbasp/

In addition, there are a lot of resources on the Internet for this free programmer, there are many ready-made PCB layouts, including in the SprintLayout program, so we will not dwell on this in detail in this article.

Programmer using COM port

This programmer is also called the "Gromov programmer", in honor of the one who invented this scheme, the creator of the Algorithm Builder program (a graphical environment for programming AVR under Windows using an algorithmic language) - G.L. Gromov.

This programmer allows you to program AVR chips using the computer's COM port - RS232 interface. To assemble such a programmer, you will need a minimum of parts - 3 diodes, 7 resistors, a DB-9 or DB-25 connector (depending on which mating connector is installed in your computer) and an ISP connector for connecting to a microcontroller (or just a few conductors to chip). Diodes in the circuit can be used any low-power.

Rice. 9. Schematic diagram of the programmer AVR microcontrollers through the COM port of the computer.

For completeness of information, below is the pinout of the RS-232 ports for the DB-9 and DB-25 options.

Rice. 10. RS232 - COM Port, DB-9 pinout.

Rice. 11. RS232 COM Port DB-25 - pinout on connectors.

Programmer using LPT port

As we know, the LPT port of a computer is designed to connect a local printer (Local Printer Port), but nevertheless it is often used to connect various devices and homemade products. In this case, we can use it to program AVR microcontrollers by assembling a very simple circuit for this purpose, which is shown below.

Rice. 12. Schematic diagram of the programmer for AVR microcontrollers using the LPT port of the computer.

As you can see, the circuit is even simpler than in option c, here we only need 4 low-power resistors and a connector (male, with pins) for connecting to the LPT port of the computer.

Rice. 13. Location of pins for LPT-port connectors.

All parts and connections can be placed in the LPT connector housing, and to connect to the microcontroller, bring out a cable with a connector for the ISP interface or just the necessary conductors for connecting to the microchip.

Software and Notes

Having connected a COM or LPT programmer to the microcontroller, you must remember to supply power to the microchip itself. You can use batteries or a power supply with a stabilizer as a power source for the microcontroller, this will be the safest for both the computer port and the chip. We have already discussed how to use it.

Under Linux there is a very powerful program that can work with USB ASP, COM and LPT programmers - this is a program AVRDUDE, which will be discussed in the following sections.

To flash AVR chips under Windows using these COM and LPT programmers, you need the UniProf program from Nikolaev, which is a universal programmer for AVR (avr.nikolaew.org).

ATTENTION! Be extremely careful and careful when assembling and using programmers using the computer's COM or LPT port, a simple mistake can easily set those ports on fire. For the normal operation of such programmers, you should try to use the shortest possible conductors from the connector to the programmer circuit and the microcontroller. It is desirable that the computer microprocessor has a frequency of no more than 1-2 GHz, and it is desirable to use Win2000 or WinXP as an OS for programming chips.

It is also important to know that USB-RS232 adapters (USB-COM Port) most likely will not work with the Gromov programmer, only those with newer microcircuits will probably work, so it is better to look for a machine with a native COM port.

Conclusion

The programmers that are discussed in the article are just a few of the most affordable and simple solutions from a large list of AVR programmers: USBTinyISP, AVR-Doper, AVR vusbtiny, AVRISP-MkII, FTDI programmers and others.

Now, in any case, you can assemble a programmer available to you and flash at least one microcircuit, on the basis of which you can assemble another more convenient programmer or some kind of device.

In the next article, we will figure out how to connect different models of AVR microcontrollers to the programmer, find out where to get information about the pinout of microcontrollers.