Exercise 1 Using the text of the textbook, draw up a systematizing table “The main directions of production development in the era of scientific and technological revolution.”
Exercise2 . Based on knowledge from previous geography courses, give examples of how the specialization of regions and countries in the interregional and international geographic division of labor depends on the characteristics of their natural conditions and resources: 1) in the mining industry, 2) in agriculture.
Exercise3 . Draw on a contour map the regional economic groupings mentioned in the textbook, as well as the OPEC member countries. Use this map to flesh out the characteristics of international economic integration.
Task 4. Using Table 15 in the Appendices, select examples to illustrate countries with agricultural, industrial and post-industrial economies. Present your work in the form of a table in your notebook.
Exercise5 . Using Table 16 in the Appendices, plot the ten main centers of the world economy on a contour map of the world. Briefly describe the history of their formation and development prospects.
Task 6. Use Figure 22 to illustrate the description of the territorial structure of the economy of developing countries, which is contained in the text of the textbook.
Additional- Draw examples of developing countries on an outline map of the world: a) c
new task whose capital (or "economic capital") is the largest (complicated a city and at the same time a seaport; b) in which the capital (or noe)."economic capital") is not located on the coast, and the role of its sea gate is performed by another port. Analyze the resulting map and write a story based on it.
Task 7. Using the text of the textbook, formulate the four main goals of regional policy in economically developed countries and give them a brief description.
Task 8. 1. (Work in a notebook.) Based on the acquired knowledge, characterize (in the form of a table) the impact of individual factors (resulting) on the location of production.
2. Prepare a problem report on the topic “Scientific and technological revolution and location of production.”
3. Make a written summary of one of the books (or chapters or sections) recommended on this topic.
SELF-CONTROL AND MUTUAL CONTROL BLOCK
How would you explain:
1. Why is the revolutionary path of development of production in the era of scientific and technological revolution the main thing?
2. How does the post-industrial structure of the economy differ from the industrial one?
3. What primarily distinguishes the geographical model of the modern world economy?
4. Why did the relationship between production and non-production spheres change in the era of scientific and technological revolution?
5. What is characteristic of the so-called colonial type of territorial structure of the economy?
How do you think:
1. Why did electric power, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry become the “vanguard three” industries in the era of scientific and technological revolution?
2. Why were projects for the construction of supertankers with a carrying capacity of 1 million tons not implemented?
3. What type of EGP did N.N. Baransky have in mind when he gave examples of Moscow, Paris, London, Madrid, Prague?
4. Why is the mining industry often called a pioneer industry?
5. Why should the knowledge-intensive™ factor be considered a new factor?
Did you know:
1. Which of the following areas belong to the areas of new development: Northern Canada, London, Ruhr, Northern Russia, Western Australia?
2. Which of the following marine areas are the main areas for oil and natural gas production: North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Mexico?
Can you:
1. Place on a contour map of the world from memory the following countries mentioned in the text and on text maps: Norway, Switzerland, Italy, Bangladesh, Nepal, UAE, Morocco, Chad, Tanzania, Venezuela?
2. Define the concepts: “scientific and technological revolution”, “world economy”, “international geographical division of labor”, “territorial structure of the economy”, “regional policy”?
3. Check how true the following statements are and, if necessary, give the correct answer:
a) robotics is one of the newest science-intensive branches of scientific and technological progress;
b) the world economy took shape at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries;
c) Japan’s industry of international specialization is the coal industry;
d) the location of extractive industries is greatly influenced by the natural resource factor?
4. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences:
a) In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the connections between science and production, which are becoming more and more...
b) N.N. Baransky called the geographical division of labor....
c) The role of the main center, the “focus” of the entire territory in a developing country is performed by... .
METHODOLOGICAL KEYS TO TOPIC 4
What to remember
1. The significance and results of the Great Geographical Discoveries of the XV-XVIII centuries. (Geography, grades 6-7; History, grade 7). 2. The development of industry, agriculture and transport during the period of modern history (History, grades 7-8). 3. The role of computers in modern society (Fundamentals of Informatics and Computer Science, grades 9, 10). 4. Concepts and terms: production sphere, non-production sphere, branch of the national economy, intersectoral complex, geographical (territorial) division of labor, territorial planning, national income, concentration.
Leading ideas of topic IV:
1. The modern scientific and technological revolution has entailed fundamental changes in human society, in production, and in the interaction of society with the environment. 2. Internationalization of economic life leads to the creation of a unified global market economy system.
Main scientific knowledge of the topic:
1. The concept of the scientific and technological revolution. 2. The main directions of development of production in the era of scientific and technological revolution. 3, The concept of the world economy. 4. The concept of international geographical division of labor. 5. International economic integration. 6. Three types of sectoral structure of the world economy. 7. Spatial models of the world economy. 8. Territorial structure of the world economy. 9. Regional policy. 10. Placement factors. 11. Key words of the topic: 1) scientific and technological revolution, 2) world economy, 3) geography of the world economy, 4) international geographical division of labor, 5) industry of international specialization, 6) international economic integration, 7) agrarian structure of the economy, 8 ) industrial structure of the economy, 9) post-industrial structure of the economy, 10) center, periphery and semi-periphery of the world economy, 11) territorial structure of the economy, 12) highly developed area, 13) old industrial area, 14) area of new development, 15) regional policy, 16) location factor, 17) technopark, technopolis.
What you need to know
1. Characterize the scientific and technological revolution and the world economy, accompanying it with clear definitions of general concepts. 2. Use text, cartographic and graphic materials to compare and prove individual provisions and generalizations. 3. Make a written summary of the book (chapter, section) you read. 4. Prepare a problem message on a given topic.
Topic 5. GEOGRAPHY OF INDUSTRIES OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
BLOCK OF ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
Exercise 1. Analyze Figure 23. Characterize the changes that have occurred in the world consumption of primary energy resources throughout the 20th century, establish the boundaries of the stages of its development.
Using Table 22 in the “Appendices”, compare countries in terms of per capita consumption of primary energy resources. Select vivid examples to illustrate the textbook's point about the large differences between countries on this indicator.
Task 2. Based on the text of the textbook, data from tables 1 and 4 and figures 24 and 25, as well as the world energy map in the atlas and table 20 in the “Appendices”, give a detailed description of the world oil industry. Highlight the “top ten” oil-producing countries, “oil bridges”. Think about what they indicate. Use a standard plan for characterizing a sector of the world economy (see plan on p. 177).
Task 3. Based on the text of the textbook, data from tables 1 and 4, figure 26, as well as table 20 in the “Appendices” and the world energy map in the atlas, give a detailed description of the global gas industry. Highlight the “top ten” gas producing countries. Use a standard plan for characterizing a sector of the world economy (see plan on p. 177).
Additional task (complicated). Using Figure 26, characterize the main “gas bridges”. Which of them are carried out using gas pipelines, and which ones are carried out by sea transportation of liquefied natural gas?
Task 4. Based on the text of the textbook, the data in Table 4 and Figure 27, as well as the world energy map in the atlas and Table 20 in the “Appendices,” give a detailed description of the global coal industry. Highlight the “top ten” coal-producing countries, the main “coal bridges”. What comparisons do you have in this regard? Use a standard plan for characterizing a sector of the world economy (see plan on p. 177).
Task 5. Using the text of the textbook, table 4, tables 20, 23 and 24 in the “Appendices” and the map of world energy in the atlas, characterize the world electric power industry. Compare the countries of the North and South, electricity production at thermal power plants, hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants.
Task 6. Analyze Figure 28 and characterize the main “iron ore bridges” that have developed in the global mining industry.
Task 7. Based on the text of the textbook, the data in Table 5 and Figures 28 and 29, as well as the map of the world’s iron and steel industry in the atlas and Table 20 in the “Appendices,” give a detailed description of the world’s iron and steel industry. Use a standard plan for characterizing a sector of the world economy (see plan on p. 177).
Additional task (complicated). Using the map of the world ferrous metallurgy in the atlas, select three or four examples of regions and centers focusing on: 1) a combination of coal and iron ore reserves, 2) coal reserves, 3) iron ore reserves, 4) cargo flows of coal and ore.
Task 8. Using the world map of non-ferrous metallurgy in the atlas, identify the main countries for the smelting of heavy non-ferrous metals. Using the same map, give examples of the orientation of the aluminum industry: 1) towards its own raw materials, 2) towards imported raw materials. Draw possible conclusions based on this analysis. Also use tables 20.25 in the “Appendices”.
Task 9. Based on the map of world mechanical engineering in the atlas and the data in Table 6 and Tables 20 and 26 in the “Appendices,” specify the provisions of the textbook. Give examples that characterize the uneven distribution of this industry in the world economy.
Additional task (complicated). Using the same map in the atlas, make a systematizing table in your notebook “Grouping of countries of the world according to the level of development of mechanical engineering.” Select four groups of countries.
Task 10. Based on the map of the world chemical industry in the atlas, reveal the main features of the location of this industry, specify the provisions of the textbook. Please also use Table 27 in the Appendices.
Task 11. Based on the map of the world textile industry in the atlas, reveal the main features of the location of this industry, specify the provisions of the textbook. Please also use Table 28 in the Appendices.
Task 12. Based on the text of the textbook, the data in Table 7, Figures 32, 33, the map of world agriculture in the atlas and Tables 20 and 29 in the “Appendices”, specify the provisions of the textbook on the placement of grain crops. Highlight the “top ten” countries for the production of wheat and rice.
Task 13. Using the text of the textbook, Figure 36 and the map of world agriculture in the atlas, compile in your notebook a systematic table “Distribution of the main branches of livestock farming” in the following form:
How would you explain the reasons for such a proliferation of certain livestock sectors?
Task 14. Using the world transport map in the atlas, compare the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, America, Australia and Oceania in terms of transport network availability. Give examples of countries where there are no railways at all.
Task 15. Using Table 32 in the “Appendices”, characterize the “top ten” countries of the world in terms of merchant marine tonnage. Using Figure 37, determine the main directions of world shipping. Give examples of world ports and try to explain their geography.
Additional task (for fun). Taking advantage length data sea routes on the political map of the world, calculate how much the waterway between London and Tokyo is shortened when using the Suez Canal. On the same map, find the longest sea routes.
Task 16. Use Figures 43-44 and Table 33 in the “Appendices” to specify the textbook text. Show the scale of the tourism boom in the world. Describe the distribution of tourists across major regions.
Task 17 (final). 1. (Work in a notebook.) Based on the text of the textbook, tables and figures of topic 5 and atlas maps, make a diagram “Countries that rank first to third in the world in the production of industrial and agricultural products.” What questions can be asked about the analysis of this diagram?
Analyze the textbook and atlas maps that you used to study this topic. Determine what cartographic imaging methods are used on them. What information can they provide?
(Work in a notebook and on a contour map.) Based on the text of the textbook, tables and figures of topic 5 and atlas maps, compile tables “The main exporting countries of industrial and agricultural products.”
(Work in a notebook.) Using the knowledge from this course, as well as from previous geography courses, create a systematic table “The Impact of Industry, Agriculture and Transport on the Environment” in the following form:
| 1st group | 2nd group | 3rd group | 4th group |
| industries | industries | industries | industries |
| Impact on | Predominant | Predominant | Predominant |
| all or most | pollution | water pollution | land disturbance |
| quality of components | air | ||
| environment | |||
Using the textbook text, illustrate the table data with specific geographical examples.
Based on the text of one of the paragraphs of topic 5, formulate two or three questions to which there is no direct answer in the text. Try these answers.
Self-control and mutual control block
How would you explain:
1.What changes and why have occurred in the structure of the world fuel and energy balance during the 20th century?
Why did a particularly large territorial gap arise between the areas of oil production and consumption?
Why do developing countries form an almost continuous “blank spot” on the world map of mechanical engineering and the chemical industry?
How do you think:
What connection exists between the preservation of a high share of extractive industries in the structure of the economies of developing countries and their sharp decline in the structure of the economies of developed Western countries? What does it indicate?
Is it possible to say that a large, especially global, port is a kind of barometer that reflects the state of the country’s economy, and indeed the world economy?
Why did the Atlantic Ocean become, in the words of F. Engels, “the great route of world trade”?
Which of the following countries occupy the top two places in the world in coal production: Canada, China, Great Britain, Russia, Poland, USA?
Which of the following countries have significant smelting of: a) ferrous metals, b) non-ferrous metals, c) ferrous and non-ferrous metals - Russia, Ukraine, Canada, Zambia, Chile, Malaysia, Japan, USA?
Which of the countries marked with letters on this map are the world's largest producers of: 1) potatoes, 2) soybeans, 3) sunflowers, 4) sugar beets, 5) sugar cane, 6) tea, 7) coffee, 8) cocoa, 9) cotton fiber?
Which five of the following countries are the most important exporters of wheat to the world market: Argentina, Great Britain, USA, India, France, Canada, Australia, Brazil, Indonesia, Egypt?
In which type of livestock do the following countries rank first in the world: China, India, Australia?
Which three of the following countries have the world's largest navies: USA, Great Britain, Greece, France, Japan, Liberia, Panama, Norway?
Place the following countries mentioned in the text and on text maps on an outline map of the world from memory: Poland, Romania, Greece, Philippines, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Liberia, Zambia, Chile, Panama?
Define the following terms: new industry, non-traditional (alternative) energy source, containerization, free economic zone?
Rank the five main oil-producing countries in order of production (in descending order): 1) Mexico, 2) Iran, 3) Russia, 4) USA, 5) Saudi Arabia?
Rank the five main electricity producing countries (in ascending order): 1) Russia, 2) Japan, 3) USA, 4) China, 5) Canada?
Give two examples of countries with high, medium and low levels of development of the mechanical engineering industry.
Name and show on the map the largest port in the world and two world ports in Europe, Asia and North America?
8. Fill in the blanks in the following sentences? 1) In its development, the world energy industry has gone through ______________ main stages. 2) There are ____________ main regions of the mechanical engineering industry in the world. 3) Grain crops occupy _______________ of the entire cultivated area, among them ________________ stand out. 4) Vivid examples of countries that have “cheap flags” are ___________________.
Methodological keys to topic 5
What to remember
1. The structure of the national economy of Russia and the main features of the geography of the most important intersectoral production complexes. (Geography, 9th grade.) 2. Location of natural zones on continents. (Geography, 7th grade.) 3. Natural resources and types of economic activities in the oceans. (Geography, 7th grade.) 4. Origin of cultivated plants. (Biology, 7th grade.) 5. Composition and properties of oil, natural compounds of iron and aluminum, classification of fertilizers. (Chemistry, grades 9, 10.) 6. Heat engines and nature conservation. (Physics, 10th grade.) 7. World natural resources and environmental problems, factors of production location, industry of international specialization. (Geography, grade 10.) 8. Concepts and terms: territorial production complex (TPC), manufacturing industry, mining industry, material and energy intensity, intensive and extensive development paths, fuel and energy balance, construction materials, cargo turnover, exports, import. (Geography, 9th grade).
What you need to learn Leading ideas of topic 5:
1. In the era of scientific and technological revolution, scientific and technological progress has an increasing impact on the geography of productive forces. 2. Not a single country, even the largest, can develop rapidly without active participation in global economic relations.
Main scientific knowledge of topic 5:
1. Composition and main features of the location of the fuel and energy, metallurgical, engineering, chemical, textile industries of the world. 2. The concept of the “green revolution”. 3. Composition and main features of the distribution of world crop and livestock production. 4. Composition and main features of the distribution of land, water and air transport in the world. 5. Composition and main features of the geography of world economic relations. 6. Key words of the topic: 1) old industry, 2) new industry, 3) newest industry, 4) global energy crisis, 5) non-traditional (alternative) source of energy, 6) global raw material crisis, 7) “great mining power”, 8) commercial agriculture, 9) agribusiness, 10) consumer agriculture, 11) green revolution, 12) global transport system, 13) regional transport system, 14) world port, 15) world economic relations, 16) open economy , 17) free economic zone, 18) direct investment.
What you need to know
1. Characterize a sector of the world economy using a standard plan. 2. Use knowledge about the factors of production location and industries of international specialization to analyze the location of sectors of the world economy. 3. Use textbook text, statistical tables, maps, graphs, photographic illustrations in different combinations to characterize sectors of the world economy, carry out systematization, comparison and generalization. 4. Compile tables of various types based on a variety of sources. 5. Prepare a short summary of the book (chapter, section) read.
Instructions and plans for mastering independent study skills
Plan of characteristics of a sector of the world economy.
1. The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition, the influence of scientific and technological progress on its development. 2. Raw materials and fuel resources of the industry and their placement. 3. Size of production with distribution by main geographical regions. 4. Main producing countries. 5. Main areas and centers of production; factors that determined the location of the industry in these areas. 6. Environmental and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry. 7. Main countries (regions) of product exports. Main countries (regions) for importing products. 8. Prospects for the development and location of the industry.
Game graphics artist with 11 years of experience. The only thing I can personally boast about here is that I played computer games longer than Daria drew them. Otherwise, there is a lot to learn from Daria. Moreover, she is happy to share her experience in this lesson, where she tells how to correctly select colors for illustration. The graphics editor you work in doesn't really matter. The lesson is perfect for Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop or even Corel Draw.
We are always happy to receive lessons from Daria. This is already the second in a row. If anything, last year she showed how to paint glass. Well, now, if everyone is ready to play with flowers, I’ll give the floor to Daria.
Hi all!
At the request of the wonderful guy Roma, I decided to tell you about how I work with color.
I’ll tell you with the example of this picture.
I’ll make a reservation: usually I immediately draw with color, but in this case, for clarity, I first created all the objects in black and white, so that later I would not be distracted by drawing, but concentrate only on color.
So, here we go:
All colors of objects depend on lighting. I want to show you how the colors will behave in two different lights. Therefore, the main volume of the room will be in twilight: it is evening, and the room is illuminated only by some abstract light from the street from the window. And on the table the lamp is turned on and several pencils with a glass are under a directed yellow light.
I always start with the background color. It dictates the future main palette for the remaining objects. Since this is a cartoon, my overall tone will be a little more blue than it would be in reality.
Once I've sorted out the background, I begin to match the colors to the objects. For example, the alarm clock will be red. Now pay attention: if I paint this alarm clock the red I imagine, it will look eye-popping.
This is what I mean when I say: all colors depend on lighting. In order for the color of the alarm clock to fit into this twilight, this red needs to be greatly muted. To choose this color, I kind of remember what red looks like in this lighting. When I say “I’m picking”, it means I try, I don’t like it, then I try again, and again... But it’s not like that: I guess I guessed right away. =)) This is a rather lengthy process.
In such twilight, all colors are rather muted. That's why I soften the black to dark blue.
Using the same scheme, I select the colors of the shelf and the picture on the wall.
I'm choosing colors for the table.
And of course the lamp.
Then I move on to the flower and the book.
And now I create an area of different lighting: table lamp lighting.
Under its light, the color of the table will be different.
The colors of the pencils with the cup will also be different (not the same as they would be in the dark).
I deliberately left a blue pencil on the border of the illuminated area to show that these will be two different blue colors.
When all the main colors have been selected, a thorough and lengthy “finishing with a file” begins. That is, first I approximate the colors, just to match my lighting. And then I add gradients, details, change color combinations to more contrasting, more rich ones. This very finishing with a file takes a significant part of the time. This time it took me about one-fifth of the time spent on work.
I talk in more detail about the principles of color selection on my
Task 1. Using the text of the textbook, create a systematizing table “The main directions of production development in the era of scientific and technological revolution.”
Task 2. Based on knowledge from previous geography courses and additional sources of information, give examples of how the specialization of regions and countries in the interregional and international geographical division of labor depends on the characteristics of their natural conditions and resources: 1) in the mining industry, 2) in agriculture farm
Saudi Arabia ranks first in the world in terms of proven reserves, production, and oil exports. In connection with this, the oil industry is a branch of international specialization of this country.
To grow tea, a combination of several natural factors is necessary: altitude, humidity, temperature. This combination can be found on o. Sri Lanka, and therefore one of the main branches of agricultural specialization of this country is the cultivation of tea.
Task 3. Compile the following systematizing table in your notebook with an independent choice of countries:
Task 4. Using the text of the textbook, draw on a contour map the regional economic groupings mentioned in the text, as well as OPEC member countries. Use this map to flesh out the characteristics of international economic integration.
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): Algeria, Angola, Venezuela, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Equatorial Guinea and Ecuador.
Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC): Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): Canada, USA, Mexico.
European Union (European Union, EU): Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Great Britain, Hungary, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Ireland, Spain, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Finland, France, Croatia, Czech Republic, Sweden, Estonia.
Task 5. To study the indicators of the GDP structure of individual countries of the world (Table 17 in the “Appendices”), divide into five groups, each of which will analyze the situation in one of the groups of countries included in the table. Then compare these five groups together and draw conclusions. Use them as examples for the textbook text.
The most backward countries are characterized by an agrarian structure of the economy, where there is a significant predominance of agriculture in the structure of GDP (50% or more) and a small percentage of industry. An example of such countries would be Liberia (77% agriculture, 5% industry, 18% services), Somalia (65% agriculture, 10% industry, 26% services), DR Congo (55% agriculture, 11% industry , 34% service sector), etc.
Task 6. Using table. 18 in the “Appendices”, place the ten main centers of the world economy on a contour map of the world. Briefly describe the history of their formation.
Task 7. Use fig. 19 to illustrate the description of the territorial structure of the economy of developing countries, which is contained in the text of the textbook.
The territorial structure of an economy is a set of territorial elements that are mutually located in a certain way and are in complex interaction with each other. In developing countries, the pattern of the territorial structure of the economy in most cases developed during the colonial period. It is characterized by a low level of saturation with industrial and agricultural areas, transport routes, strong disunity of individual parts, a kind of focal use of the territory.
The role of auxiliary centers can be performed by areas of export specialization either in the mining industry or in plantation agriculture. They have relatively little connection with the surrounding territory and export their products to the world market through the capital or other specialized port.
Task 8. Draw examples of developing countries on an outline map of the world:
a) in which the capital (or “economic capital”) is the largest city and at the same time a seaport;
b) in which the capital (or “economic capital”) is not located on the coast, and the role of its sea gate is performed by another port. Analyze the resulting map and write a story based on it.
Answer: a) examples of such countries could be: Indonesia (capital Jakarta), Tunisia (capital Tunisia), Argentina (capital Buenos Aires);
b) South Africa (capital Pretoria - large port Cape Town), China (capital Beijing - port Shanghai), Russia (capital Moscow - port Murmansk, Vladivostok, etc.)
Task 9. Using the text of the textbook, formulate the three main goals of regional policy in economically developed countries and give a brief description of them.
Regional policy in economically developed countries has three main directions:
The first direction is to smooth out regional imbalances between highly developed areas, on the one hand, and backward agricultural and depressed areas on the other.
The second direction is to curb the hypertrophied growth of urban agglomerations, especially metropolitan supercities.
The third direction is the development of new areas, mainly outlying, peripheral areas, which we have already discussed.
Task 10. Using Internet search engines, identify the water areas of the continental shelf of the World Ocean where oil and natural gas are produced. Using icons, plot these areas on a contour map of the world, analyze it and draw conclusions.
Oil from the continental shelf is produced in the following regions: the Gulf of Mexico (northern part off the coast of the USA) and near the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico), off the coast of Alaska (USA) and Canada, in the North Sea, in the Persian Gulf, off the west coast of Australia. All these regions are active users of petroleum products, which leads them to the need to search and develop new oil fields both on land and on the continental shelf.
Task 11. Using various sources of information, prepare an oral report on the topic “Innograd Skolkovo”.
Innovation Center "Skolkovo" (Russian "Silicon Valley") - a modern scientific and technological complex for the development of new technologies (in Moscow). In a specially designated area, special conditions are created for research and development, including the creation of energy and energy-efficient technologies, nuclear, space, biomedical and computer technologies.
Task 12. (Work in a notebook)
12.1. Based on the acquired knowledge, characterize (in the form of a table) the impact of individual factors on the location of production.
12.2. Prepare a problem report on the topic “Scientific and technological revolution and location of production.”
Scientific and technological revolution has a powerful impact on all aspects of modern production, on the entire system of social relations, on man himself and his environment. It also affects the location of production. Thus, the environmental factor leads to limiting the concentration of polluting industries in various regions and countries of the world.
Self-control and mutual control block
How would you explain:
1. Why is the revolutionary path of development of production in the era of scientific and technological revolution the main thing?
Since the revolutionary path lies in the transition to a fundamentally new technique and technology.
2. How does the post-industrial structure of the economy differ from the industrial one?
The main difference between a post-industrial economy and an industrial one is the predominance of the non-productive sphere of activity over the production one.
3. What primarily distinguishes the geographical model of the modern world economy?
The presence of several centers of the world economy: the USA, Europe, East Asia (China, Japan).
4. What is characteristic of the so-called colonial type of territorial structure of the economy?
This type of territorial structure of the economy is characterized by the predominance of small-scale consumer agriculture, weak development of the manufacturing industry and transport.
How do you think:
1. Why did electric power, mechanical engineering and the chemical industry become the “vanguard three” industries in the era of scientific and technological revolution?
Since these industries influence the development of other industries, they provide other industries with new technologies and equipment.
2. Why were projects for the construction of supertankers with a carrying capacity of 1 million tons not implemented?
Since such tankers, due to their size, would not be able to pass through canals or sail close to the ports of unloading and loading (due to the possibility of running aground), also in the event of an accident on such a tanker, the scale of the release of oil into the sea would be terrifying. Thus, the largest supertanker in the world, Knock Nevis, was built in 1979. Its length was 458.45 m, width - 68.86 m, draft with cargo - 24.61 m. Thus, this tank could not pass through the Suez and Panama Canals, and was also limited in passages through a number of straits.
3. What type of EGP did N.N. have in mind? Baransky, when he gave examples of Moscow, Paris, London, Madrid, Prague?
N.N. Baransky spoke about the territory factor, namely the central position of the capital within a certain state territory.
4. Why is the mining industry often called a pioneer industry?
Since the mining industry supplies raw materials for all other industries.
5. Why should the knowledge intensity factor be considered a new factor?
In the era of scientific and technological revolution, the scientific and technical base is becoming an increasingly important factor in the location of production. First of all, this applies to the latest knowledge-intensive industries, which gravitate towards large scientific centers - large cities and urban agglomerations; Specialized “cities of science” are also emerging.
Did you know:
1. Which of the following areas belong to the areas of new development: Northern Canada, London, Ruhr, Northern Russia, Western Australia?
Answer: northern Canada, northern Russia.
2. Which of the following marine areas are the main areas for oil and natural gas production: North Sea, Baltic Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Mexico?
Answer: North Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico.
Can you:
2. Define the concepts: scientific and technological revolution, world economy, international geographical division of labor, territorial structure of the economy, regional policy?
The scientific and technological revolution is a qualitative revolution in the productive forces of humanity, based on the transformation of science into the direct productive force of society.
The world economy is a historically established set of national economies of all countries of the world, interconnected by global economic relations.
Geographical (territorial) division of labor is the result of the development of human society, which is expressed in the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services and in the subsequent exchange of them.
The territorial structure of an economy is a set of territorial elements that are mutually located in a certain way and are in complex interaction with each other.
Regional policy is a complex of legislative, administrative, economic and environmental measures that contribute to a more rational distribution of productive forces and equalization of people's living standards.
3. Using various sources of information, provide (in addition to the textbook) new data on progress in technology and technology?
In the mechanical engineering industry - the transition from mechanical methods of processing metals to non-mechanical ones - electrochemical, plasma, laser, radiation, ultrasonic, vacuum, etc. In metallurgy - the use of progressive methods for producing cast iron, etc.
4. Check how true the following statements are and, if necessary, give the correct answer:
a) robotics is one of the newest science-intensive branches of scientific and technological revolution? - THE STATEMENT IS TRUE.
b) the world economy developed at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries? - THE STATEMENT IS TRUE.
c) Japan's industry of international specialization is the coal industry? - WRONG.
Answer: Japan's industry of international specialization is instrument making and electronics industry.
5. Which of the following countries are part of the European Union: Canada, Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, Poland, Spain, Italy, Greece?
The EU includes: Belgium, Poland, Spain, Italy, Greece.
6. From the countries below, choose those that are part of OPEC: China, Indonesia, UAE, Libya, Algeria, Venezuela, Mexico?
OPEC includes: UAE, Libya, Algeria, Venezuela.
7. Indicate which of the following large regions of the world ranks first in the gross world product: 1) foreign Europe, 2) foreign Asia, 3) North America, 4) Latin America, 5) CIS?
Answer: 3-North America.
8. Give examples of areas whose specialization largely depends on their natural resource potential?
Due to the peculiarities of natural resource potential, Equatorial Africa specializes in growing cocoa beans, Southeast and East Asia in growing rice, Europe in growing wheat.
Lesson 12. World economy in the era of scientific and technological revolution
21.08.2014 9681 0Objectives: to form an idea of the types of economic structure and geographical models of the world economy; provide knowledge about the impact of scientific and technological progress on the sectoral and territorial structure of the world economy; give the concepts of “regional policy”, “depressed area”, “area of new development”, “post-industrial structure of the economy”, “highly developed area”; develop the skills of independent work with statistical material, the ability to draw up diagrams and notes when studying new material.
Equipment: atlas, textbook.
Lesson type: lesson - lecture with elements of independent work.
During the classes
Checking homework
The teacher conducts a geographical dictation.
Terms on the board:
world economy;
integration;
European Union;
specialization;
world market;
The teacher reads the definitions of these terms and concepts, the students choose the correct words and in their notebooks put the numbers in the order in which the teacher talks about them, or write the terms and concepts in order.
N.N. Baransky called it the basic concept of economic geography. (MGRT.)
It was formed at the end of the XIX-XX centuries. as a result of the development of the machine industry, the world market and transport. (World economy.)
A radical qualitative revolution in the productive forces of humanity, based on the transformation of science into a productive force. (NTR.)
Group of oil exporting countries. (OPEC.)
Industries oriented towards export of products. (Sectors of specialization.)
This integration grouping of countries was founded in 1957 as the “Common Market”. (EU.)
North American Free Trade Association. (NAPHTHA.)
Association of Southeast Asian Nations. (ASEAN.)
This group includes: Brazil, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Colombia and other countries of this continent. (LAI.)
This regional grouping includes 21 countries, including Russia. (APEC.)
A plan for studying a new topic is written on the board:
Structure of the world economy:
a) pre-industrial.
b) industrial.
c) post-industrial.
The influence of scientific and technological progress on the sectoral structure of material production:
a) industry: mining (1/10); processing (9/10).
b) “avant-garde troika” -
c) agriculture: livestock breeding; crop production (technical, fodder, vegetable crops).
d) transport: railway, road, sea, air.
Geographical models of the world economy:
a) two-term: North - South.
b) three-membered: Center, Semi-periphery, Periphery.
c) ten-membered: 1) Foreign Europe, 2) North America, 3) China, 4) Japan, 5) Asia, 6) India, 7) Brazil, 8) CIS, 9) Gulf countries, 10) Mexico.
Territorial structure of the world economy:
in developed countries (high level of maturity) 4 types of economic regions:
a) highly developed (knowledge-intensive industries, dynamic development). Example:...
b) old industrial areas, depressed (old industries, problems: depression, unemployment, environmental). Example:...
c) agricultural areas (backward, agriculture).
d) areas of new development (hard-to-reach, with extreme natural conditions, but rich in natural resources). Example:...
Investments.
License.
The sphere of international exchange of goods and services, which is based on the international division of labor; in a narrow sense - a set of markets of individual countries connected with each other by trade and economic relations. One of the prerequisites for the emergence of the world economy.
B. The totality of national economies of all countries of the world, their economic interrelations and relationships, including foreign trade, export of capital, labor migration, conclusion of economic agreements, creation of international economic organizations, exchange of scientific and technical information.
Long-term capital investments in economic sectors within the country and abroad. There are financial (purchase of securities) and real (investment of capital in industry, agriculture, construction, etc.).
D. 1) The set of sectors of the economy, the products of which act in the form of services - the non-productive sphere;
Trade, catering, production and repair services for various consumer products (clothing, footwear, household items, etc.).
D. 1) Export or import, issued by the competent government agency for foreign trade operations.
Permission to use an invention or other technical achievement is issued by the owner of the patent.
Permission to conduct any activity, to shoot animals, etc.
E. 1) A document certifying state recognition of a technical solution as an invention, utility model, industrial design and assigning to the person to whom it was issued the exclusive right to use these objects.
A document giving the right to engage in trade or fishing, etc., in some states - to occupy a certain position.
Assignment: Answer questions from the self-control and mutual control block. You can set aside a few minutes to discuss the issues and give questions to the group. For example, group 1 discusses questions No. 1, 2 from the “How do you explain” part. Group 2 discusses questions No. 3, 4, 3 group - questions No. 5 “How do you explain” and No. 1 “What do you think”, group 4 - questions No. 4, 5 “What do you think.” Low proficiency students can find and define “Can You” #2 in the text.)
GU. Homework
Answer the questions in the self-control and mutual control block on p. 107.
Take notes on topic No. 4. (Maksakovsky V.P. Geographical picture of the world. - Yaroslavl: Verkhnevolzhskoe book publishing house, 1998.-Part 1.)
