Content:

A noticeable impetus in the development of electrical engineering falls on the first years of the twentieth century, at which time society and industry evaluated innovative proposals from inventors. According to experts, many ideas can develop for several decades or even a hundred years. History keeps many secrets, including innovative ideas and projects of Nikola Tesla - this name has become a mystery for many generations of people.

One of Tesla's famous inventions is the transformer he created, more commonly described as the Tesla Coil (CT). Demonstration of his work leaves no one indifferent, you can visually see electrical discharges, which can be of great importance. The simplicity of the design and the result obtained always cause a desire to make such a coil on your own.

Tesla's resonant transformer, which in demo mode can show what kind of manipulations with electricity and what methods the inventor mastered at that time, until now, has baffled traditional science.

The Nikola Tesla coil is a device with which high frequency currents are obtained. It is implemented using the primary and secondary windings, but the primary winding is powered at the resonance frequency of the secondary winding, while the output voltage increases tenfold.

Tesla in 1896 patented this invention, which consists of the following elements:

• primary winding of copper wire with a cross section of at least 6 millimeters square, which is made in the form of 6–7 turns;
• the winding is secondary, it is implemented on a dielectric with a wire of 0.3 millimeters square and up to 800–1000 turns;
• discharge device;
• capacity (capacitor);
• spark radiation element.

The main difference between CT and all other transformers is that Nikola Tesla did not use ferrite alloys for the core in his invention, and the power of the resulting device depends only on the electrical permeability of the air. The meaning of the idea is to create an oscillatory circuit, which can be done using several techniques:

• with the help of frequency oscillations - this is a generator implemented on a bit element;
• with the help of lamps - an oscillation generator;
• using elements of radio engineering - transistors.

Purpose of the invention

According to experts, Tesla invented the transformer to solve the global issue of transferring electrical energy from one point to another without the use of wires. In order to achieve the transfer of energy with the help of the ether, conceived by the inventor, it is necessary to have one powerful transformer at two remote points, which would operate at the same frequency in resonance.

If the project is implemented, then there will be no need for hydroelectric power plants, powerful power transmission lines, and the presence of cable lines, which, of course, contradicts the monopoly ownership of electric energy by different companies. With the project of Nikola Tesla, every citizen of society could use electricity for free at the right time, anywhere, wherever he was. From a business point of view, this system is unprofitable, since it will not pay off, because electricity becomes free, for this reason patent No. 645576 is still waiting for its investors.

How does a Tesla coil work?

For a better understanding of the operation of a resonant transformer, experts recommend looking at its operation, since a simple coil circuit is intended to create a streamer. In other words, there is a loss of energy that passes to the capacitor if it is connected, and without it, a purple spark (streamer) flies out of the end of the high-voltage winding. A field appears around the appeared streamer, in which a fluorescent lamp can be placed, and it will glow, not visually connected to any source of electrical energy.

When the capacitor is not used, the lamp glows brighter, some experts call Tesla's device a toy with spectacular visual effects. There is always a desire to make such a device on your own, it implements various physical effects with the help of two windings. An alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding, it creates a flow, with the help of which energy is transferred to the secondary winding. Most transformers work on the same principle.

The main qualitative characteristics of CT:

• frequency in the secondary circuit;
• transmission coefficient of both windings;
• quality factor.

How it works in simple words

The principle of operation of the Tesla coil is better understood if the entire operation of the device is compared with a swing - this is how you can approach the explanation of the accumulation of energy, when a person, who is also an operator, is represented by the primary coil, and the swing stroke is represented by electric current in winding No. 2. The lifting height is the potential difference.

In this example, the operator begins to swing the swing, in other words, to transfer energy. For a couple of swings, the swing rises high, this corresponds to a large potential difference, there comes a moment of excess energy, and as a result of this, a purple streamer appears.

The operator must swing the swing with a certain tact, which is set by the resonance frequency, in other words, the number of oscillations per second. The trajectory of the swing has a length - this is the coupling coefficient. When we swing the swing to an arm's length and quickly, it equals one. The Tesla coil is the same transformer with an increased transfer coefficient.

When the operator swings the swing without holding it with his hand, this can be associated with small connections - the longer you swing, the farther they go. For fast energy accumulation, the coupling coefficient must be large, but the potential difference decreases at the output.

The qualitative characteristic of the quality factor can be associated with the friction of the seesaw. The dependence is direct: with high friction, the quality factor is an insignificant value. The highest Q factor will be at the highest point of the swing, when the highest value of the streamer appears.

Main types

The coil of Nikola Tesla initially had one design - with a spark gap, but over time, the element base expanded, many types of realization of the idea of ​​​​the great inventor appeared, and all of them are called coils of his name. They are presented in an abbreviation, in the English edition.

The Tesla transformer circuit with a spark gap is an initial design that has negligible power if two wires are used. For more power, a rotating spark gap for a powerful streamer is used.

The coil of a Tesla transformer implemented on a tube is a fail-safe circuit showing the powerful streamers that are used for high frequencies.

Coils that are easy to control, but according to the principle of operation are the same as the Tesla transformer, are implemented using transistors. There are many options for such coils:

Difficult to tune using semiconductor switches, two resonant coils, with a short length of the purple streamer, compared to the spark gap, are characterized by poor controllability:

To improve the controllability of the CT, interrupters were made, with their help the process was slowed down, and there was time to charge capacitive storage (capacitors). This solution lengthens the length of the discharge.

Elements in different designs

Specialists for self-creation of CT made a base of common elements that can be used in different implementations of a resonant transformer:

1. A toroid that has three main options:

• resonance reduction;
• accumulation of the amount of charge: when the toroid is large, there is more energy;
• a field of static electricity is organized, which is repelled from the secondary winding. The option itself is implemented by the secondary winding, but the toroid helps it in this, the field repels the streamer, does not allow it to break through the second winding.

It is better to use a toroid in coils with an interrupter, in which pumping occurs impulsively. It is recommended to comply with the condition: the value of the diameter of the toroid should be twice the value of the diameter of the secondary winding. A toroid is made from corrugated or similar materials.

Toroid in the diagram:

1. The main component of the whole structure is the secondary coil (winding), it must be five times larger in diameter than the primary one. The wire is taken with such a cross section that at least 900-1000 turns, tightly wound, with a varnish coating enter the winding.
2. A frame is made from PVC material, which is used in everyday life for plumbing.
3. A protective ring, the functional purpose of which is to protect the primary winding from the streamer entering it.
4. The winding is primary, usually it is made of a capacitor, copper tube, the wire must have a large cross section.
5. The coupling coefficient affects the distance between the windings: the farther, the less coupling.
6. The implementation of grounding, so that streamers hit it and close the current. With poor grounding, the streamer may hit the coil.

How to make your own coil

For the home implementation of CT, any variant of the elements can be used, it is necessary to remember the basic principle of its operation:

• it is necessary to make a primary and secondary winding;
• an alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding;
• a magnetic field arises, which will transfer electrical energy to the secondary winding;
• the secondary winding creates an oscillatory circuit, the task of which is to accumulate energy, which will be stored by the circuit for some time.

1. To wind the secondary winding you will need:

• two-inch pipe;
• wire 100 meters long, with enamel coating;
• two-inch PVC fitting;
• bolts and nuts, washers in assortment;
• copper tube 3 meters long.

1. To make a capacitor yourself, you need the following parts:

• glass bottles, several pieces;
• rock salt;
• foil;
• special oil.

1. The order of work is as follows:

• We wind the secondary winding, for this we fasten one end of the prepared wire in the upper part of the two-inch pipe, start winding, do not allow the wire to cross. The winding of the secondary winding is carried out tightly. To fix the coil, we use masking tape, which is wound after 20 turns.
• We fix the resulting winding tightly with adhesive tape and cover the enamel with paint.
• To facilitate winding, you can make a simple device, guide the wire through a wooden block:

• We make the primary winding. To wind it, we make a device from a metal flange installed in the center of the board and fixed with bolts and nuts. We turn the copper pipe into a spiral, cutting it in such a way that when it is stretched, a cone is formed.
• We make a spark gap, for this you need two bolts and a wooden box.
• We make capacitors, for this we pour salt water into the prepared bottle, wrap the top of it with foil, pass a metal wire through it into the bottle.
• We connect the wires, as indicated in the diagram below, be sure to perform grounding.

On the primary winding, 7 turns are obtained according to the scheme, on the secondary - 600.

Conclusion

Making a Tesla transformer with your own hands, using electrical engineering skills, is not so difficult, but it is recommended to make a preliminary calculation, as it can turn out to be a large device, and the sparks will significantly heat up the space, as well as create the sound of a thunder discharge. It is necessary to take into account the influence of the created field on nearby electrical devices.

It is recommended to make a simple calculation of the arc, its length and power. To do this, we take the distance between the electrodes (centimeters) and divide it by a factor of 4.25, then we square the resulting value - this will be the arc power. The distance is determined as follows: we take the received power and extract the square root from it, then multiply by a factor of 4.25. A discharge arc length of 150 centimeters would have a power of 1246 watts. A winding with a power of 1000 watts gives a discharge length of 137 centimeters.

With a spark from a capacitor discharge, a very high voltage appears between the place of its appearance and the place where the spark “strike”, this is the result of the formation of clusters, connections in chains of water vapor ions, electrons also take part in the process. If in a circuit with a capacitor there is an inductor connected in series or in parallel, then an electrical circuit is obtained, an oscillatory circuit in which an oscillatory process can be observed. In an earlier article, I made a simple calculation, and showed that the process of discharging and charging a capacitor cannot be convincingly explained by the movement of electrons through a wire. Then this speed should be too high, since no one knows the speed of electrons in a wire with voltage, except perhaps very approximately, the information given in the literature differs by an order of magnitude.

Sometimes the information given in old books on electricity is interesting, for example, in Eichenwald's book "Electricity". In the Ruhmkorff inductor, a capacitor was used as an obligatory element, according to the author of the book - this capacitor is used to reduce sparks in the breaker, however, it can be noted that the execution of the device has in common with the ideas of Tesla, and the capacitor at the moment of formation of an opening and a spark turns out to be connected in series with the circuit of the primary coil.Below is a drawing from Eichenwald's book.

I will try to briefly explain why the occurrence of a high potential difference during the formation of a spark can be used to extract the energy of the environment (from the ethereal medium.). If electrons and ions are connected by their opposite magnetic poles into chains, as a result of a turn in the ethereal medium, in addition to inertia forces, they may experience some resistance of this medium, which can lead to the process of emission of photons by electrons and loss of mass by electrons. This lost mass must be restored by an elementary particle, otherwise the particle will be in an unstable state, and if the process of radiation and mass loss is repeated, then the particle may disappear altogether. It is quite clear that near the particle there is no other source for obtaining the missing energy, except from the surrounding substance - ether. This is how the Tesla oscillator works, like a pump that takes energy from the ethereal medium (in the form of a high potential, supplied further to the load). The process itself, judging by Tesla's interview with his lawyer, made it possible to obtain five times the declared energy (expended for the operation of the oscillator). According to Tesla and scientists of that time, this is his invention - the most significant of all inventions.

Thus, without throwing out the process of spark formation, it is possible to obtain energy from the environment, and such attempts and successful experiments were described by Chernetsky, the physicist Melnichenko (a capacitor connected in series and a collector motor), carried out by the architect Kananadze. Donald Smith, Edwin Gray, of course - Tesla, and probably his student, the founder of semiconductor electronics, Henry Mohr. If we discard sparking, then immediately, according to Tesla, another version of his device for converting a capacitor discharge will have nothing to do with his idea and implementation. It turns out that in the presence of high potential. When the limiting, minimum resistance is exceeded, the circuit can be closed by the formation of clusters, chains of ions and electrons, which in turn will create an even higher voltage for some time, and repeating this process many times, you can thus extract energy from the environment. Sometimes they talk about a negative branch in the characteristics of a process, when, with an increase in load, instead of the expected total power consumption, on the contrary, its decrease appears. There are also quite a few falsifiers who are trying consciously and not intentionally to belittle, devalue the contribution, the results obtained by Chernetsky, Tesla and others. For example, they make a layout “like” Chernetsky, completely throwing out the process of arc formation from it, or they study Tesla’s unipolar dynamo, but in fact throwing out of it the self-excitation coil shown in the patent.

Of course, one process of interrupting the discharge is not enough to extract energy, and the discharges are different. In an electric lighter for lighting natural gas, kilovolts and a spark are obtained from 1.5 volts and one transistor. But this process will not be equivalent to discharging a capacitor into an inductance. To achieve success, it may be necessary to coordinate the interruption frequency of the circuit, adjust it with the natural resonant frequency of the oscillatory circuit, and it can change if a changing load is included in the circuit. Eichenwald's book gives a description of Duddel's singing arc.

Therefore, the inventors find a solution in the use of multiple coils, using the phenomenon of coupling between coils.

Tesla used different designs for interruption, which is reflected in his patents. Arc interruption with hot air, its expulsion and interruption under the influence of a magnet, and interruption by a gear wheel in a reservoir of oil pat 514 168 were used (this Tesla called a turbine, although there is another patent). The highly efficient use of interrupting the arc, discharging a capacitor through a spark gap, all can be seen in many of Tesla's patents. (Pat 462418 Tesla Oscillator, Pat 454622 - Electrical Lighting System. In fact, the same principle laid down by Tesla is used in modern “plasma balls”. The surviving photos show how Mark Twain holds a luminous lamp in the Tesla laboratory, to which only one wire goes. There is also a photo where Tesla holds in his hand Tesla holds a luminous lamp in his hand, and to which no wires are connected, in this case the glow of the lamp is produced due to leakage currents from the central electrode to the periphery of the glass body of the lamp.The human hand enhances this process.

Further - patent 447920 - Method for controlling arc lamps, Pat 514 168 - Method for generating electric currents, Pat B 462418 and others, for example - Patent 577 671, which explains how to make capacitors and coils/).

Below is a fragment of patent 514 168.

The famous inventor Yablochkov also worked in this direction, received a number of patents and made a number of highly efficient lighting devices.

Most of today's inventors and followers of Tesla misunderstand the principle of the Tesla Transformer itself.

On the usual principles of inductive coupling, such a high transformation ratio cannot be obtained that is hundreds of times different from the ratio of the number of turns of the primary and secondary windings.

Many do not take into account, do not talk about the intense emission of photons Tesla's transformer, that's its true name.

It is quite clear that it is the radiation of photons that fall on each turn of the secondary winding of the Tesla transformer and, causing a change in the orientation of electrons in each turn, is the main reason for the appearance of such a high potential difference.

Much has been distorted since Tesla's death. For example, under the turbine Tesla did not mean a device with a rotating disk and a patent with the same name. This is his transformer, dipped in oil.

and emitting during operation the gas supplied further to the turbine blades. It is time for understanding the new to rethink the learned old. Throw out the false. The new theory of the great Russian scientist, the results, confirmed in practice for a long time, do not interfere with studying the true situation in physics, to understand that there is no rotation of an electron in orbits and orbitals, what are the mistakes of Bohr, Maxwell. Hertz, Faraday and much more.!!

Mail: [email protected](From March 2010 box up to 10 mb)

NIKOLA TESLA. LECTURES. ARTICLES. Tesla Nikola

ELECTRIC OSCILLATORS*

ELECTRIC OSCILLATORS*

Few areas have been discovered that have proved to be as fruitful as high-frequency currents. Their extraordinary properties and the spectacularity of the phenomena they demonstrate immediately aroused everyone's attention. Scientific men became interested in studying them, engineers were attracted by their commercial opportunities, and doctors saw in them long-awaited means for the effective treatment of bodily diseases. Since the publication of my first studies in 1891, hundreds of volumes have been written on this subject, and many invaluable results have been obtained with the help of this new factor. This area is still in its infancy, the future holds incomparably more.

From the very beginning I felt the need to make an efficient apparatus to meet rapidly growing needs, and in the course of eight years after my first communications I developed no less than fifty types of these transformers or electrical oscillators, each of which was completed in every detail and improved to such a degree that I could not substantially improve any of them today. If I were driven by practical considerations, I could create a large and profitable business while providing an important service to the world. But the force of circumstances and the ever-growing prospects for even greater achievements turned my efforts in a different direction. And it turns out that soon there will be tools on the market that, oddly enough, were fully completed twenty years ago!

These oscillators were specifically designed to work with constant and variable lighting circuits and to generate damped and undamped oscillations or currents of any frequency, volume and voltage over the widest range. They are compact, self-contained, do not require any maintenance for long periods of time, and prove to be very convenient and useful for such diverse purposes as wireless telegraphy and telephony; conversion of electrical energy; obtaining chemical compounds by fusion and connection; gas synthesis; ozone production; lighting; welding; municipal, hospital and domestic sanitation and sterilization, and many other applications in scientific laboratories and industrial organizations. Although these transformers have never before been described, the general principles underlying them have been fully set forth in my printed articles and patents, especially those of September 22, 1896, and it is thought, therefore, that the attached photographs of several types, together with a brief explanation, will give all the necessary information. .

The essential parts of such an oscillator are: a capacitor, a self-inductor for charging it to a high potential, a circuit controller, and a transformer which is excited by the oscillatory discharges of the capacitor. It has at least three, and usually four, five, or six, matched circuits, and adjustments made in several ways, most often simply by means of an adjusting screw. Under favorable circumstances, an efficiency of up to 85% is achievable, i.e. such a percentage of the supplied energy can be obtained in the secondary winding of the transformer. Although the main advantage of this kind of apparatus is obviously due to the amazing properties of the capacitor, special positive characteristics are achieved by combining circuits with respect for the correct harmonic relations and minimizing friction losses and other losses, which was one of the main design goals.

In general, these devices can be divided into two classes: one in which the circuit controller contains solid contacts, and the other in which the closing and opening is performed by mercury. Drawings from 1 to 8 inclusive belong to the first, and the rest - to the second class. The former give markedly greater efficiency due to the fact that the associated make and break losses are minimized and the resistive damping factor is very small. The latter are preferred for those purposes where getting more output and more interrupts per second is important. The operation of the motor and of course the circuit controller consumes a certain amount of energy, which, however, becomes less significant as the power of the machine increases.

On Fig. 1 shows one of the earliest forms of an oscillator designed for experimental purposes. The capacitor is contained in a square mahogany box on which is mounted a self-inducting or charging coil wound, as will be shown, in two sections connected in parallel or in series, depending on whether the mains voltage is PO or 220 volts. Protruding from the box are four brass columns that support a plate with spring contacts and adjusting screws, as well as two massive terminals for connecting to the primary winding of the transformer. Two of these columns serve as the contacts of the condenser, and a pair of others connect the switch terminals in front of the self-induction coil to the condenser. The primary winding consists of several turns of a copper strip, to the ends of which short pins are soldered, which are included in the corresponding terminals. The secondary is made of two parts wound in such a way as to reduce as much as possible the distributed capacitance and at the same time ensure that the coil can withstand a very high voltage between its terminals in the center, which are connected to spring contacts on two rubber columns projecting from the primary winding. The circuit connections may vary slightly, but the usual arrangement is shown schematically in May's Electrical Experimenter on page 89, and refers to my oscillator transformer, which is photographed on page 16 in the same issue. It works as follows: When the switch is turned on, the current from the power circuit rushes through the self-induction coil, magnetizing the iron core inside and disconnecting the controller contacts. The high voltage induced current then charges the capacitor, and after closing the contacts, the stored energy is released through the primary, causing a long series of oscillations to build up that energize the matched secondary circuit.

The device proved to be very efficient in all kinds of laboratory experiments. For example, when studying the phenomenon of impedance, the transformer was removed and a bent copper rod was inserted into the terminals. It has often been replaced by a large ring loop to demonstrate the inductive effect at a distance, or to excite resonant circuits in various studies and measurements. A transformer suitable for any desired experiment can be easily improvised and connected to the terminals, and thus much time and labor has been saved. Contrary to what one would naturally expect, there were rather few problems with the contacts, although the currents through them were extremely strong, since, under appropriate resonance conditions, a large current occurs only when the circuit is closed, and no destructive arcs can develop. I originally used platinum and iridium ends, but then changed to meteorite and eventually tungsten. The latter option was the most satisfying, providing hours and days of work without interruption.

Rice. 2 shows a small oscillator designed for specific scientific purposes. The underlying idea was to achieve tremendous performance over short intervals, each followed by a relatively long period of inactivity. For this purpose, a large self-induction coil and a fast-acting chopper were used, and as a result of this design, the capacitor was charged to a very high potential. Sudden secondary currents and large volume sparks were obtained, especially suitable for welding thin wires, flashing incandescent lamps or welding the filament of flash lamps, ignition of explosive mixtures and other similar applied purposes. This device was also adapted for battery operation, and in this form was a very effective igniter for gas engines, for which patent number 609,250 was received by me on August 16, 1893.

On Fig. 3 is a first class large oscillator designed for wireless experiments, X-ray acquisition and scientific research in general. It consists of a box containing two capacitors of the same capacity, on which a charging coil and a transformer are supported. The automatic circuit controller, manual switch and connection terminals are mounted on the front plate of the induction coil bobbin, as is one of the contact springs. The capacitor box is provided with three contacts, of which the outer two serve simply for connection, and the middle one supports a contact plate with a screw for adjusting the interval during which the circuit is closed. The vibrating spring itself, whose only function is to cause periodic interruptions, can be adjusted in its strength as well as in its distance from the iron core in the center of the charging coil by four screws visible on the top plate, so that any desired conditions of mechanical control are provided. The primary coil of the transformer is made of copper sheet, and the connections are made at points convenient for the purpose of varying the number of turns at will. As in Fig. 1 induction coil wound in two sections For adaptation of the device for both 110 and 220 volt circuits, and several secondary windings were made to match the different wavelengths of the primary. The output was about 500 watts with damped waves at about 50,000 cycles per second. Continuous oscillations were obtained for short periods of time by screwing the vibrating spring tightly against the iron core and separating the contacts with an adjusting screw, which also acts as a key. With this oscillator I did a great deal of important research and it was one of the machines that was demonstrated at a lecture before the New York Academy of Sciences in 1897.

Rice. 4 is a photograph of a transformer of a type similar in all respects to that illustrated in the May 1919 issue of the Electrical Experimenter, to which reference has already been made. The essential parts are the same, they are located in a similar way, but it was designed for use on higher voltage supply circuits, from 220 to 500 volts and above. The usual adjustments are made by adjusting the contact spring and moving the iron core inside the inductor up and down with two screws. Fuses are inserted in the wires to prevent damage from short circuits. The device is photographed in operation, during the generation of undamped oscillations from a 220 volt lighting network.

On Fig. 5 shows a later form of the transformer, intended primarily to replace the Ruhmkorff coil. For this purpose, the primary coil is changed, it has a much larger number of turns, and the secondary is closely connected with it. The currents developed in the latter have a voltage from 10,000 before 30,000 volts and are usually used to charge capacitors and work with an independent high frequency coil. The adjustment mechanism has a slightly different design, but, as in the previous case, both the core and the contact spring can be adjusted.

On Fig. 6 is a small device of this type, designed specifically for ozone production or sterilization. It is remarkably efficient for its size and can be connected to either 110 or 220 volts, DC or AC, the latter being preferred.

On Fig. 7 shows a photograph of a larger transformer of this type. The construction and arrangement of parts is the same as in the previous case, but there are two capacitors in the box, one of which is connected to the circuit as in the previous cases, and the second shunts the primary coil. Thus currents of enormous magnitude are produced in the latter, and the secondary effects are increased accordingly. The introduction of an additional matched circuit also gives other advantages, but the adjustment becomes more complicated, and therefore it is desirable to use such an apparatus to obtain currents at a certain and unchanged frequency.

Rice. 8 shows a transformer with a rotary chopper. The box contains two capacitors of the same capacity, which can be connected in series and in parallel. Charging inductances are made in the form of two long coils, on top of which the secondary terminals are placed. A small DC motor, whose speed can be varied widely, is used to drive a specially designed breaker. The rest of the oscillator is similar to the one shown in Fig. 3 and its operation can be easily understood from the above. This transformer was used in my wireless experiments, and also frequently for lighting the laboratory with my vacuum tubes, and was demonstrated in my lecture before the New York Academy of Sciences in 1897, mentioned above. Now let's move on to second class cars. On Fig. Figure 9 shows an oscillator transformer consisting of a capacitor and a charging inductor placed in a box, a transformer and a mercury circuit controller, the construction of which was first described in my patent no. 609.251 of August 16, 1898. It consists of a motor-driven hollow pulley containing a small amount of mercury, which is carried outward by centrifugal force to the walls of the vessel, and it drags along a contact wheel, which periodically closes and opens the condenser circuit. With the help of adjusting screws located above the pulley, it is possible to arbitrarily change the depth of immersion of the blades, and hence the duration of each contact, thus adjusting the intensity of the effects of their characteristics. This type of interrupter is satisfactory in all respects when operated on currents from 20 to 25 amperes. The number of interruptions is usually

500 to 1,000 per second, but higher frequencies can be used. The volume occupied by the appliance is 10" X 8" X 10", the output is about 1/2 kW.

In the transformer just described, the interrupter communicates with the atmosphere and the mercury slowly oxidizes. This disadvantage is overcome in the device shown in Fig. 10, which consists of a perforated metal box containing a capacitor and a charging inductor, and on top a motor that drives the breaker and a transformer. The mercury interrupter is of the type to be described and operates on the principle of a jet which periodically comes into contact with a rotating wheel within a pulley. The fixed parts are in a vessel on a rod passing through the motor's long hollow shaft, and a mercury seal is used to achieve an airtight seal in the chamber containing the circuit controller. The current is fed into the inside of the pulley through two sliding rings which are on top and are connected in series with the capacitor and the primary coil. Prevention of oxygen ingress is a definite advantage, because metal oxidation and related problems are eliminated, and flawless working conditions are constantly maintained.

Rice. 11 is a photograph of a similar oscillator with a hermetically sealed mercury interrupter. In this machine, the fixed parts of the interrupter inside the pulley are on a tube through which passes an insulated wire connected to one contact of the interrupter and the other is in contact with the vessel. In this way slip rings have been avoided and the design has been simplified. This device was designed to oscillate lower voltages and frequencies, require comparatively lower amperage primary currents, and was used to excite other resonant circuits.

Rice. 12 shows an improved form of an oscillator of the type described in Fig. 10, in which the support rod has been disposed of through the hollow shaft of the motor and the mercury pumping device is maintained in its position by gravity, as will be explained in more detail in connection with another figure. Both the capacitance of the capacitor and the primary turns were made variable for the purpose of obtaining oscillation of several frequencies.

Rice. 13 is a photographic representation of another form of oscillatory transformer with a hermetically sealed mercury interrupter, and the diagrams in Fig. 14 show the chain connections and the organization of the parts, reproduced from my patent no. 609.245 dated August 15, 1898, describing this particular device. The capacitor, inductor, transformer, and circuit controller are arranged as before, but the latter has a different design, as will become clear from a consideration of Fig. 14. Hollow pulley A mounted on shaft C, which is mounted in a vertical bearing passing through a permanent magnet d motor. Inside the vessel on frictionless bearings there is a body h from a magnetic material, which is surrounded by a cap b in the center of a lamellar iron ring on the polar sections of which 00 wound charging coils R. The ring is held on four pillars and, when magnetized, holds the body. h in one position in time; pulley rotation. The latter is made of steel, but the cap is best made of acid-blackened German silver or nickel-plated. On the body h holding a short tube To, bent as shown to catch the liquid as it spins and release it onto the teeth of the wheel attached to the pulley. The wheel is shown in the figure, the contact between it and the external circuit is established through a cup of mercury. As the pulley rotates rapidly, a jet of fluid rushes towards the wheel, thereby making and breaking contact approximately 1,000 times per second. The device operates quietly and, thanks to the absence of oxidizing parts, always remains clean and in excellent condition. In this case, the number of interruptions per second can be much higher, giving currents suitable for wireless telegraphy and similar purposes.

The modified form of the oscillator is shown in Fig. 15 and 16, the first of them is a photographic image, and the second is a schematic illustration showing the arrangement of the internal parts of the controller. In this case, shaft b, on which the vessel is attached A, hollow and supports, in frictionless bearings, the spindle j, to which the weight is attached To. On a curved bracket L isolated from the latter, but mechanically attached to it, a freely rotating interrupting wheel with ledges is fixed QQ. The wheel is in electrical contact with the external circuit through a cup of mercury and an insulated bushing attached to the top side of the pulley. Due to the inclined position of the motor, the weight To holds the breaking wheel in its position by gravity, and as the pulley rotates, the circuit that includes the capacitor and the primary coil of the transformer quickly closes and opens.

Rice. 17 shows a similar apparatus, however, in which the interrupting device consists of a jet of mercury impinging on an insulated gear held on an insulated pin in the center of the pulley housing, as shown. The connection to the capacitor circuit is through brushes held on this pin.

Rice. 18 is a photograph of another transformer with a wheel-type mercury circuit controller, modified in some respects which need not be elaborated.

These are but a few of the oscillatory transformers which I have built, and which constitute only a small part of my high-frequency apparatus, which I hope to give a complete description sometime in the future, when I am free from urgent work.

From the book of Revelation by Nikola Tesla by Tesla Nikola

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 3 [Physics, chemistry and technology. History and archeology. Miscellaneous] author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

From the book The Evolution of Physics author Einstein Albert

Two Electrical Fluids The following pages contain a boring account of some very simple experiments. The report will be boring, not only because the description of the experiments is uninteresting in comparison with the actual implementation of them, but also because the very meaning

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The majority of people are convinced that energy for existence can only be obtained from gas, coal or oil. The atom is quite dangerous, the construction of hydroelectric power plants is a very laborious and costly process. Scientists around the world say that natural fuel reserves may soon run out. What to do, where is the way out? Are humanity's days numbered?

Everything from nothing

Research on the types of "green energy" has recently been conducted more and more intensively, as this is the way to the future. Our planet initially has everything for the life of mankind. You just need to be able to take it and use it for good. Many scientists and just amateurs create such devices? as a generator of free energy. With their own hands, following the laws of physics and their own logic, they do what will benefit all of humanity.

So what are the phenomena? Here are a few of them:

• static or radiant natural electricity;
• use of permanent and neodymium magnets;
• receiving heat from mechanical heaters;
• transformation of earth energy and;
• implosion vortex engines;
• thermal solar pumps.

Each of these technologies uses a minimal initial impulse to release more energy.

Free energy with your own hands? To do this, you need to have a strong desire to change your life, a lot of patience, diligence, a little knowledge and, of course, the necessary tools and components.

Water instead of gasoline? What nonsense!

An engine running on alcohol will probably find more understanding than the idea of ​​decomposing water into oxygen and hydrogen molecules. After all, even in school textbooks it is said that this is a completely unprofitable way of obtaining energy. However, there are already installations for the extraction of hydrogen by ultra-efficient electrolysis. Moreover, the cost of the resulting gas is equal to the cost of cubic meters of water used in this process. Equally important, the cost of electricity is also minimal.

Most likely, in the near future, along with electric vehicles, cars powered by hydrogen fuel will drive around the world's roads. An ultra-efficient electrolysis plant is not exactly a free energy generator. It is quite difficult to assemble it with your own hands. However, the method of continuous production of hydrogen using this technology can be combined with methods for obtaining green energy, which will increase the overall efficiency of the process.

One of the undeservedly forgotten

Devices such as completely maintenance-free. They are absolutely silent and do not pollute the atmosphere. One of the most famous developments in the field of eco-technologies is the principle of obtaining current from the ether according to the theory of N. Tesla. A device consisting of two resonantly tuned transformer coils is a grounded oscillatory circuit. Initially, Tesla made a free energy generator with his own hands in order to transmit a radio signal over long distances.

If we consider the surface layers of the Earth as a huge capacitor, then we can imagine them as a single conductive plate. The second element in this system is the ionosphere (atmosphere) of the planet, saturated with cosmic rays (the so-called ether). Through both of these "plates" are constantly flowing electric charges of different poles. To "collect" currents from near space, you need to make a free energy generator with your own hands. 2013 was one of the most productive years in this area. Everyone wants free electricity.

How to make a free energy generator with your own hands

The scheme of a single-phase resonant device N. Tesla consists of the following blocks:

1. Two conventional 12 V batteries.
2. with electrolytic capacitors.
3. Generator that sets the standard frequency of the current (50 Hz).
4. Current amplifier block directed to the output transformer.
5. Converter of low-voltage (12 V) voltage to high-voltage (up to 3000 V).
6. A conventional transformer with a winding ratio of 1:100.
7. Voltage step-up transformer with high-voltage winding and tape core, power up to 30 W.
8. Main transformer without core, with double winding.
9. A step-down transformer.
10. Ferrite rod for system grounding.

All units of the installation are connected according to the laws of physics. The system is set up experimentally.

Is it all true?

It may seem that this is absurd, because another year when they tried to create a free energy generator with their own hands is 2014. The circuit described above simply uses battery power, according to many experimenters. To this the following may be objected. Energy enters the closed circuit of the system from the electric field of the output coils, which receive it from a high-voltage transformer due to the mutual arrangement. And the charge of the battery creates and maintains the strength of the electric field. All other energy comes from the environment.

Fuel-free device for receiving free electricity

It is known that the occurrence of a magnetic field in any engine is facilitated by ordinary ones made of copper or aluminum wire. To compensate for the inevitable losses due to the resistance of these materials, the engine must run continuously, using part of the generated energy to maintain its own field. This significantly reduces the efficiency of the device.

In a transformer powered by neodymium magnets, there are no self-induction coils, and, accordingly, there are no losses associated with resistance. When using a constant, they are generated by a rotor rotating in this field.

How to make a small DIY free energy generator

The schema used is:

• take a cooler (fan) from the computer;
• remove 4 transformer coils from it;
• replace with small neodymium magnets;
• orient them in the original directions of the coils;
• by changing the position of the magnets, you can control the speed of rotation of the motor, which works completely without electricity.

This almost retains its performance until one of the magnets is removed from the circuit. By attaching a light bulb to the device, you can illuminate the room for free. If you take a more powerful engine and magnets, you can power not only a light bulb, but also other household electrical appliances from the system.

On the principle of operation of Tariel Kapanadze's installation

This famous do-it-yourself free energy generator (25kW, 100kW) is assembled according to the principle described by Nikolo Tesla back in the last century. This resonant system is capable of producing a voltage many times greater than the initial impulse. It is important to understand that this is not a "perpetual motion machine", but a machine for generating electricity from freely available natural sources.

To obtain a current of 50 Hz, 2 square-wave generators and power diodes are used. For grounding, a ferrite rod is used, which, in fact, closes the Earth's surface to the charge of the atmosphere (ether, according to N. Tesla). Coaxial cable is used to supply a powerful output voltage to the load.

In simple words, a do-it-yourself free energy generator (2014, scheme by T. Kapanadze) receives only an initial impulse from a 12 V source. The device is capable of constantly supplying standard electrical appliances, heaters, lighting, and so on with normal voltage current.

The assembled do-it-yourself self-powered free energy generator is designed to complete the circuit. Some craftsmen use this method to recharge the battery, which gives the initial impulse to the system. For your own safety, it is important to consider the fact that the output voltage of the system is high. If you forget about caution, you can get a severe electric shock. Since a 25kW do-it-yourself free energy generator can bring both benefits and dangers.

Who needs all this?

Almost anyone who is familiar with the basics of the laws of physics from the school curriculum can make a free energy generator with their own hands. The power supply of your own home can be completely transferred to the ecological and affordable energy of the ether. With the use of such technologies, transportation and production costs will be reduced. The atmosphere of our planet will become cleaner, the process of the "greenhouse effect" will stop.

The newfangled phenomenon of Nikola Tesla's resonant transformer has emerged recently, and the Internet is filled with photographs and intriguing videos of lightning and coronal discharges.

Recall that the transformer was originally intended not for demonstration performances, but for transmitting radio signals over long distances. In this regard, I propose to get acquainted with its principle of operation and find practical application for it.

The Tesla transformer consists of two main circuits, primary and secondary, see fig. 1a.

1. The primary circuit, as generating oscillations of a certain frequency, consists of a high-voltage power source, a storage capacitor C1, a spark gap and a coupling coil L1. When the spark gap is conducting, the LC cells are connected in series to form a circuit of a certain frequency.

2. The secondary circuit is a series oscillatory circuit, which consists of a resonant inductor L2, an open capacitance C formed by ground and a sphere, see fig. 1a.

The oscillation frequencies of both circuits are determined by their structural parameters and must match. The output voltage of the Tesla transformer is in the tens of thousands of volts due to the increased number of turns in the secondary circuit. The secondary circuit of the Tesla resonant transformer is an open oscillatory circuit, which was discovered earlier by J.K. Maxwell.

Let us turn to the classical theory of the principle of operation of an open oscillatory circuit

As you know, the oscillatory circuit consists of an inductor and a capacitor. Let us examine the simplest oscillatory circuit, the coil of which consists of one turn, and the capacitor is two adjacent metal plates. Let's apply an alternating voltage from the generator to the break in the inductance of circuit 1, see Fig. 2a. An alternating current will flow in the coil and create a magnetic field around the conductor. This can be confirmed by a magnetic indicator in the form of a coil loaded with a light bulb. In order to get an open oscillatory circuit, let's push the capacitor plates apart. We observe that the magnetic field indicator lamp continues to burn. For a better understanding of what is happening in this experiment, see Fig. 2a. A conduction current flows through the loop of circuit 1, which creates a magnetic field H around itself, and between the plates of the capacitor - the so-called displacement current equal to it. Although there is no conduction current between the plates of a capacitor, experience shows that the displacement current creates the same magnetic field as the conduction current. The first person to guess this was the great English physicist J.K. Maxwell.

In the 60s of the 18th century, while formulating a system of equations for describing electromagnetic phenomena, J.K. Maxwell was faced with the fact that the equation for the DC magnetic field and the equation for the conservation of electric charges of alternating fields (the continuity equation) are incompatible. To eliminate the contradiction, Maxwell, without any experimental data, postulated that the magnetic field is generated not only by the movement of charges, but also by a change in the electric field, just as the electric field is generated not only by charges, but also by a change in the magnetic field. The value where the electric induction, which he added to the conduction current density, Maxwell called displacement current. Electromagnetic induction has a magnetoelectric analogue, and the field equations have acquired a remarkable symmetry. So, one of the most fundamental laws of nature was speculatively discovered, the consequence of which is the existence of electromagnetic waves.

If so, let's make sure once again what happens when a closed oscillatory circuit turns into an open one and how can an electric E-field be detected? To do this, next to the oscillatory circuit, we place an indicator of the electric field, this is a vibrator, in the gap of which an incandescent lamp is included, it is not yet lit. We gradually open the circuit, and we observe that the electric field indicator lamp lights up, fig. 2b. The electric field is no longer concentrated between the plates of the capacitor, its lines of force go from one plate to another through open space. Thus, we have experimental confirmation of J.K. Maxwell's statement that a capacitive radiator generates an electromagnetic wave. Nikola Tesla drew attention to this fact, that with the help of very small emitters it is possible to create a fairly effective device for emitting an electromagnetic wave. This is how the N. Tesla resonant transformer was born. Let's check this fact, for which we will again consider the purpose of the parts of the transformer.

And so, the geometric dimensions of the sphere and the technical data of the inductor determine the frequency of the series resonance, which must coincide with the generation frequency of the spark gap.

Only the series resonance mode allows the Tesla transformer to reach such voltage values ​​that a coronal discharge and even lightning appears on the surface of the sphere.

Consider the operation of the Tesla transformer as a series oscillatory circuit:

This circuit must be considered as a normal LC element, fig. 1a.b, as well as fig. 2a, where the inductance L, the open capacitor C and the resistance of the medium Rav are connected in series. The phase shift angle in the series oscillatory circuit between voltage and current is equal to zero (?=0) if XL = -Xc, i.e. changes in current and voltage in it occur in phase. This phenomenon is called voltage resonance (series resonance). It should be noted that as the frequency decreases from resonance, the current in the circuit decreases, and the current resonance has a capacitive character. With further detuning of the circuit and a decrease in current by 0.707, its phase shifts by 45 degrees. When the circuit is detuned up in frequency, it becomes inductive. This phenomenon is often used in phase inverters.

Consider the scheme of a series oscillatory circuit shown in fig. 3, where the quality factor of the circuit Q can be in the range of 20-50 and much higher.

Here, the bandwidth is determined by the quality factor of the circuit:

Then the voltage on the emitter plates will look according to the following formula:

U2 = Q * U1

The voltage U2 according to the calculations is 2600V, which is confirmed by the practical operation of the Tesla transformer. In table 1, the calculated data are given for a frequency of 7.0 MHz not by chance, this makes it possible for any shortwave operator who wants to conduct an amateur radio experiment on the air. Here, the input voltage U1 is conditionally taken as 100 Volts, and the quality factor as 26.

Table 1

f (MHz)	L (µH)	XL (Ohm)	C (pF)	−Xc (ohm)	?f (kHz)	Q	U1/U2 (V)
7	30,4	1360	17	1340	270	26	100/2600

This statement is acceptable in cases where there is no change in the frequency or load resistance of this circuit. In the N. Tesla transformer, both factors are constant by definition.

The bandwidth of the Tesla transformer depends on the load, i.e., the higher the connection of the open capacitor C (sphere-ground) with the medium, the more the circuit is loaded, the wider its bandwidth. This is due to the increase in bias current. The same happens with an oscillatory circuit loaded with an active load. Thus, the size of the sphere of the transformer determines its capacitance C and, accordingly, dictates not only the bandwidth, but also the radiation resistance, which ideally should be equal to the resistance of the medium. Here you need to understand that an excessive increase in the bandwidth due to an increase in the volume of emitters will lead to a decrease in the quality factor and, accordingly, will lead to a decrease in the efficiency of the resonant transformer as a whole.

Consider the capacitive element of the Tesla transformer as a two-pole element of communication with the medium:

It is quite fair to call a Tesla capacitive transformer a Tesla dipole, because "dipole" means di(s) twice + polos pole, which is exclusively applicable to two-pole structures, which is the Nikola Tesla resonant transformer with a capacitive two-pole load (sphere + earth).

In the dipole under consideration, the capacitance of the emitter is the only element of communication with the medium. Antenna emitter, these are two electrodes embedded in the medium, see Fig. 4. and when a voltage potential appears on them, it is automatically applied to the medium, causing a certain potential –Q and +Q in it. If this voltage is variable, then the potentials change their sign to the opposite with the same frequency, and a bias current appears in the medium. Since the applied voltage and current are in-phase by definition of a series oscillatory circuit, the electromagnetic field in the medium undergoes the same changes.

Recall that in the Hertz dipole, where the voltage is first applied to a long conductor, then for a wave in the near zone it is characteristic that E=1, and H?1. This is due to the fact that there are reactive LC elements in this conductor, which cause a delay in the phase of the field H, since. antenna canvas is commensurate with?.

In the Tesla dipole, where ХL = −Хс (there is no reactive component), a radiating element with a length of up to 0.05? is not resonant and represents only a capacitive load. With a thick and short radiator, its inductance is practically absent, it is compensated by a lumped inductance. Here, the voltage is applied immediately to the medium, where the field E and the field H simultaneously arise. It is characteristic for the Tesla dipole wave that E=H=1, i.e. the wave in the medium is formed initially. Here we identify the voltage in the circuit with the electric component of the field E (unit V / m), and the displacement current with the magnetic component of the field H (unit A / m), only the Tesla dipole radiates the in-phase field E and the field H.

Let's try to consider this statement again in a slightly different plane:

Suppose we have a voltage applied to the plates (there is no reactive component, it is compensated), which are loaded on the active resistance of the medium Rav, as on a section of an electrical circuit (Fig. 4).

Question: Is there a current in the medium (in the circuit) at this particular moment in time?

Answer: Yes, the more voltage is applied to the active resistance of the medium, the greater the bias current in the same period of time, and this does not contradict J.K. Maxwell's law and, if you like, Ohm's law for a circuit section. Therefore, an in-phase change in the magnitude of voltage and current in a series circuit in the mode of series resonance quite rightly generates in-phase fields E and H in the medium, see Fig. 4b.

Summing up, we can say that a capacitive emitter creates powerful and concentrated electromagnetic radiation around itself. The Tesla dipole has the feature of energy accumulation, which is typical only for a series LC circuit, where the total output voltage significantly exceeds the input, which is clearly seen from the results of the table. This property has long been practiced in industrial radio devices to increase the voltage in devices with high input impedance.

Thus, we can conclude the following:

The Tesla dipole is a high-quality series oscillatory circuit, where the sphere is an open element that communicates with the environment. The inductance L is only a closed element and a resonant voltage transformer that does not participate in radiation.

Having carefully studied the goals of building a resonant transformer of Nikola Tesla, you involuntarily come to the conclusion that it was intended to transmit energy over a distance, but the experiment was interrupted, and descendants are left to guess about the true purpose of this miracle of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is no coincidence that Nikola Tesla left the following saying in his notes: “Let the future judge and evaluate each according to his work and achievements. The present belongs to them, the future for which I work belongs to me.

Quick reference: The electromagnetic wave was discovered by Maxwell in the 60s of the 18th century using a capacitive radiator. At the turn of the 20th century, N. Tesla proved the possibility of transmitting energy at a distance using capacitive emitters of a resonant transformer.

G. Hertz, continuing experiments with the electromagnetic field and relying on Maxwell's theory in 1888, proved that the electromagnetic field radiated by a capacitive radiator is equal to the field radiated by an electric vibrator.

At present, the Hertz dipole and the magnetic frame of K. Brown, discovered in 1916, are widely used in practice, and the capacitive emitter is undeservedly forgotten. Respecting the merits of Maxwell and Tesla, the author of this article, in memory of them, conducted laboratory experiments with a capacitive antenna and decided to make them public. The experiments were carried out at a frequency of 7 MHz at home and showed good results.

SO! Numerous experiments have shown that the resonant elements of any circuit can be changed within different limits, and as you do with them, so they will behave. Interestingly, if you reduce the radiating capacitance of an open circuit, then in order to obtain resonance, you have to increase the inductance. At the same time, streamers (from the English Streamer) appear on the edges of the emitter and other irregularities. Streamer is a dimly visible air ionization (ion glow) created by a dipole field. This is the Tesla resonant transformer, as we are used to seeing it on the Internet.

It is possible to increase the capacitance and, in the voltage resonance mode, achieve the maximum output of a balanced electromagnetic field and use Tesla's invention as a dipole for transmitting energy over distances, i.e. like a capacitive antenna. And yet, Tesla was right when he refused the metal core inside the step-up coil, because he introduced losses in the place where the electromagnetic wave originated. Nevertheless, the results of the experiments led to the only correct condition, when the LC parameters began to correspond to the tabular data (Table 1).

Testing the principle of the Tesla dipole in practice

To conduct experiments with the Tesla transformer, it did not take long to think about the design; amateur radio experience helped here. Instead of a sphere and earth, two corrugated aluminum (ventilation) pipes with a diameter of 120 mm and a length of 250 mm were taken as emitters. The ease of use was that they can be stretched or compressed like turns of a coil, thereby changing the capacitance of the circuit as a whole and, accordingly, the L / C ratio. "Pipes-tanks" were placed horizontally on a bamboo stick with a distance of 100 mm. The inductor L2 (30 μH) with a 2 mm wire was placed 50 cm below the axis of the cylinders in order not to create eddy currents in the emitter sphere. It would be even better if the coil is moved beyond one of the emitters, placing it on the same axis with them, where the el. the magnetic field is minimal and has the shape of an "empty funnel". The oscillatory circuit formed by these elements was tuned in the series resonance mode, where the basic rule was observed, where XL = -Xc. The communication coil L1 (1 turn, 2 mm) provided communication with a 40 W transceiver. With her help, the matching of the improvised Tesla dipole with the 50 Ohm feeder was set up, which ensured the traveling wave mode and full power output without reflection back to the generator. This mode in the Tesla transformer provides a spark gap. The feeder 5 meters long for the purity of the experiment was provided on both sides with ferrite filters.

Three antennas were tested for comparison:

• Tesla dipole (L= 0.7m, SWR=1.1),
• split shortened Hertzian dipole (L = 2 × 0.7 m, extension coil, 5-meter feeder protected by ferrite filters SWR = 1.0),
• horizontal half-wave Hertz dipole (L = 19.3 m, the feeder is protected by ferrite filters SWR = 1.05).

At a distance of 3 km. within the city, a transmitter with a constant carrier signal was turned on.

A Tesla dipole (7 MHz) and a shortened dipole with an extension coil were placed in turn near a brick building at a distance of only 2 meters, and at the time of the experiment were in equal conditions at a height (10-11 m).

In the receive mode, the Tesla dipole exceeded the shortened Hertz dipole by 2-3 points (12-20 dB) on the transceiver S-meter scale and more.

Then a pre-tuned Hertz half-wave dipole was hung out. Suspension height 10-11 m. at a distance of 15-20 m from the walls.

In terms of amplification, the Tesla dipole was inferior to the Hertz half-wave dipole by about 1 point (6-8 dB). The radiation patterns of all antennas coincided. It is worth noting that the half-wave dipole was not placed in ideal conditions, and the practice of building a Tesla dipole requires new skills. All antennas were located inside the courtyard (four buildings) as in a shielded boiler.

General conclusions

The considered Tesla dipole in practice works almost like a full-fledged Hertzian half-wave dipole, which confirms the equality of electromagnetic fields from an electric and capacitive dipole. It obeys the principles of duality, which does not go against the theory of antennas. Despite its small size (0.015-0.025?), the Tesla dipole communicates with space using capacitive emitters. They create an in-phase field E and field H in the space around the emitter, from which it follows that the Tesla dipole field within the emitters has already been formed and has a “mini-sphere”, which leads to a number of new conclusions about the properties of this dipole. Thus, the Tesla dipole has every reason for practical experiments in the amateur radio service in the ranges of short, medium and especially long waves. I think that lovers of long-wave communication (137 kHz) should pay special attention to this experiment, where the efficiency of the considered dipole is tens of times higher than experimental antennas based on a shortened Hertzian dipole or resonant loops.

Recall where the Tesla dipole is used in practice? Unfortunately, for the civilian contingent until some time it was closed. The silence was broken by the American radio amateur T. Hard, who, among the radio amateurs, introduced the notorious EH antenna to the world of radio amateurs.

Reference

Since the mid-40s, this type of antenna (see Fig. 5) has been successfully practiced in military mobile HF radio communications in many countries, including the USSR. The operating frequency range is 1.5-12 MHz. T. Hard was a direct participant in the development of this antenna in the US Army. He gave new life to the invention of N. Tesla, which is categorically rejected among DXers. You can understand them, because this dipole is unconventional and looks like an unfinished car model, and DXers need to participate in "races" without risk. It should not be hidden that there are other reasons, - T. Hard presented the principle of operation of the EH antenna in the framework of an unconventional theory. At the same time, this type of antenna is very interesting for most experimental radio amateurs, and it is classified as an experimental and even mobile antenna. As for the similarity of the patented designs of N. Tesla and T. Hard, this only causes a smile. Well, the Hertz dipole also had its followers, this is a long series of vibrator antennas, such as the Nadenenko dipole, the Beverage antenna, the Uda Yagi antenna, etc. Thus, each of us has the right to contribute to the development of capacitive antennas and leave his name to the descendants in antenna technology.

T. Hard's modern EH antenna and its similarity to the Tesla dipole

So what is T. Hard's EH antenna? This is essentially the same capacitive type antenna, one to one similar to the Tesla dipole, see fig. 5a and 5b., the difference lies only in the location of the L2 coil, and this is a fair merit of Ted, because at the point of creation of the electromagnetic field, the medium must be free from the vortex fields created by the inductor.

Here, instead of the earth and the sphere, two cylinders are used, which create an open capacitance of the radiating capacitor.

Drawing equality between the Tesla dipole and the EH antenna of T. Hard, we can come to the following definition: the EH antenna is a high-quality series oscillatory circuit, where the capacitance C is an open element that communicates with the medium. The inductance L is a closed resonant element, it works as a compensator for the small reactive component of the capacitive radiator.

You can get to know these antennas better at: http://ehant.narod.ru/book.htm.

So, we came to the conclusion that the N. Tesla dipole and the T. Hard EH antenna are exactly the same antennas, they are distinguished only by design differences. From the theory of a series oscillatory circuit, we see that the condition of series resonance must be observed in a given antenna. Unfortunately, in practice it is difficult to fulfill the conditions of exact phasing, although it is possible. T. Hard kept silent about this, but foresaw this and proposed several options for phasing the antenna with the so-called "input coil". In fact, this is a reactive L-element, although in some designs phasing LC-elements based on the Bouchereau-Cheri transformer are also used.

A Brief Consideration of Energetics in Favor of the Tesla Dipole

According to adherents of EH antennas, the in-phase radiation of the fields E and H takes place and plays a significant role in noise immunity.

This is true, because the vectors E and H, due to their common phase, are added, and the signal-to-noise ratio increases by 1.4 times or by 3 dB already in the near zone of the antenna, which is not so unimportant.

If at some point in time the capacitor is charged C up to voltage V0, then the energy concentrated in the electric field of the capacitor is equal to:

Where:
WITH is the capacitance of the capacitor.
Vo- the maximum voltage value.

From the above formula it is clear that the stress of the medium EU in this antenna, it is directly proportional to the capacitance of an open capacitor multiplied by the square of the applied voltage ... And this voltage around the antenna radiator can be tens and hundreds of kilovolts, which is important for the radiator in question.

The type of antenna under consideration is a high-quality oscillatory circuit, and the quality factor of the oscillatory circuits is much greater than unity, then the voltage, both on the inductor and on the capacitor plates, exceeds the voltage applied to the circuit by Q times. It is no coincidence that the phenomenon of voltage resonance is used in technology to enhance voltage fluctuations of any frequency.

From the theory of antennas, we know that in order to create the necessary field, volume and quality factor are needed. By reducing the dimensions of the Hertzian dipole (Fig. 6a) to the dimensions of the considered antenna emitters, for example, by 10 times, the distance between the plates of the capacitor CC decreased by the same amount, and, accordingly, the effective height h d. The volume of the near field Vo decreased by 1000 times (Fig. .6b).

Now you have to turn on the "compensating" coil L with a quality factor of much more than 1000 and tune the antenna to resonance. Then, due to the high quality factor, the voltage on the SS cylinders will increase by a factor of 100, and the intrinsic field Vo of the antenna between the cylinders will increase by Q, i.e., by a factor of 1000!

Thus, we have the theoretical probability that the field of the Tesla dipole is equal to the field of the Hertzian dipole. Which corresponds to the statement of G. Hertz himself.

However, everything looks good only in theory. The fact is that in practice the high quality factor of the Q?1000 coil can be achieved only by special measures, and even then only in the receive mode. You should also pay special attention to the increased concentration of electromagnetic energy in the Tesla dipole (EH-antenna), which is spent on heating the near space and causes a corresponding drop in the efficiency of the antenna as a whole. It is for these reasons that single the Tesla dipole under equal suspension conditions has a lower gain than the Hertzian dipole, although there are other assertions. If the dipole is made with German pedantry and American confidence, maybe it will work out that way.

In connection with the foregoing, I would like to note that the T. Hard antenna is not fiction, it is a fairly highly developed model, but which can and should be improved. Here, as they say, "THE HORSE DOES NOT DROP". Let Ted not be able to convey to us the true theory of the work of his individual development. After all, it's just T. Hard with N. Tesla's improved dipole design. Yes, it doesn't matter! The important thing is that there are opportunities to go further along this path. Let the next antenna development be from Ivanov, Sidorov or Petrov!

The text has been used experiment materials. K. Maxwell, N. Tesla's works, interesting articles by Professor V. T. Polyakov, publications of such famous authors as G. Z. Eisenberg, K. Rothammel, Z. Benkovsky, E. Lipinsky, Internet materials and T. Hard's developments.

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