JSC "System Operator of the Unified Energy System" has successfully carried out tests for switching on the parallel synchronous operation of the United Energy Systems (IPS) of the East and Siberia. The test results confirmed the possibility of stable short-term joint operation of power interconnections, which will allow transferring the dividing point between them without interrupting the power supply to consumers.

The purpose of the tests is to determine the main characteristics, indicators and regime conditions for parallel operation of the combined power systems of the East and Siberia, as well as to verify models for calculating steady-state conditions and static stability, transient conditions and dynamic stability. Parallel operation was organized by synchronizing the combined power systems of Siberia and the East at the sectional switch of the 220 kV substation Mogocha.

To conduct tests at the 220 kV Mogocha substation and the 220 kV Skovorodino substation, transient monitoring system recorders (TMRS) were installed to collect real-time information about the parameters of the electric power regime of the power system. Also during the tests, SMPR registrars installed on.

During the tests, three experiments were carried out in the mode of parallel synchronous operation of the UES of the East and the UES of Siberia with regulation of the active power flow in the controlled section "Skovorodino - Erofei Pavlovich traction" from 20 to 100 MW in the direction of the UES of Siberia. The parameters of the electric power regime during the experiments were recorded by the SMPR recorders and the means of the operational information complex (OIC), designed to receive, process, store and transmit telemetric information about the operation mode of energy facilities in real time.

The management of the electric power regime during the parallel operation of the IPS of the East with the IPS of Siberia was carried out by regulating the flow of active power using the Central Automatic Frequency and Power Flow Control System (CS ARCHM) of the IPS of the East, to which the Zeya HPP and Bureyskaya HPP are connected, as well as by the dispatching personnel of the ODS of the East.

As part of the tests, short-term parallel synchronous operation of the IPS of Siberia and the IPS of the East was ensured. At the same time, the tuning parameters of the CA ARCHM of the IPS of the East were experimentally determined, which operated in the mode of automatic control of power flow with frequency correction along the section "Skovorodino - Erofey Pavlovich / t", ensuring stable parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia.

“The results obtained confirmed the possibility of short-term parallel operation of the IPS of the East and the IPS of Siberia when the separation point between power interconnections is transferred from the 220 kV Mogocha substation. When all 220 kV transit substations Erofey Pavlovich - Mogocha - Kholbon are equipped with synchronization means, it will be possible to transfer the dividing point between the IPS of Siberia and the IPS of the East without a short interruption in the power supply of consumers from any transit substation, which will significantly increase the reliability of the power supply of the Trans-Baikal section of the Trans-Siberian Railway, - noted Natalya Kuznetsova, the chief dispatcher of the ODU of the East.

Based on the results of the tests, an analysis of the data obtained will be carried out and measures will be developed to improve the reliability of the power system in the conditions of transition to short-term parallel synchronous operation of the IPS of Siberia and the IPS of the East.

JSC "System Operator of the Unified Energy System", PJSC "Yakutskenergo" and the Branch of PJSC "FGC UES" MES of the East successfully conducted a full-scale experiment that proved the possibility of restoring power supply to consumers in the Central Energy District (CER) of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) from the United Energy System (IPS) of the East by moving the dividing point between them.

The experiment was carried out at the initiative of PJSC "Yakutskenergo" in agreement with JSC "SO UES" and by decision of the Headquarters for ensuring the safety of power supply of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The purpose of the experiment was to work out the actions of the dispatching and operational personnel when restoring power supply to the uluses (districts) located on the right bank of the Lena River in the Central Energy District of the Yakutsk Energy System from the IPS of the East via the 220 kV cable-overhead line (OHL) Nizhny Kuranakh - Maya.

Specialists of the branches of JSC "SO UES" Joint Directorate of the Energy System of the East (ODU of the East), Regional Dispatch Office of the Energy System of the Amur Region (Amur RDO) with the participation of specialists of the branch of JSC "SO UES" Regional Dispatch Office of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (Yakutsk RDU) and PJSC " Yakutskenergo" developed the Program, determined the requirements for the parameters of the electric power mode of the IPS of the East and the CER of the Yakutsk energy system, and created circuit-mode conditions for powering the load of the CER from the IPS of the East. Switching control was carried out according to the commands of the dispatching personnel of the Amur Regional Dispatch Office and the Technology Management Department of Yakutskenergo PJSC.

During the experiment, which lasted over 21 hours, the dividing point between the IPS of the East and the CER of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was successfully transferred to the depths of the Central Energy District, as a result of which part of the consumers of Yakutia received electricity from the IPS of the East. The maximum instantaneous value of the power flow reached 70 MW; in total, more than a million kWh of electricity was transferred to consumers in the central part of Yakutia.

"The results obtained confirmed the possibility of restoring power supply to the riverside uluses in the Central energy region of the Yakutsk energy system from the IPS of the East in the event of accidents at the generating equipment of this energy region. Also during the experiment, data were obtained, the analysis of which will allow developing measures to optimize the switching process and reduce the time of interruption in the power supply of consumers when transferring the dividing point between the CER and the IPS of the East," said Natalia Kuznetsova, Director for Mode Management - Chief Dispatcher of the ODU of the East.

At present, the Western and Central energy districts of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) with a total installed capacity of power plants of 1.5 GW operate in isolation from the UES of Russia and operational and dispatch control on their territory is carried out by PJSC Yakutskenergo. In 2016, as part of preparations for the implementation of the operational dispatch control of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) as part of the Western and Central energy regions and the organization of the connection of these energy regions to the 2nd synchronous zone of the UES of Russia - the UES of the East - a branch of JSC "SO UES" Yakutskoe RDU. It will assume the functions of operational dispatch control on the territory of the Western and Central energy regions of the Yakutsk energy system will be carried out after the Government of the Russian Federation makes appropriate changes to the regulatory documents and excludes the Yakutsk energy system from the list of isolated ones.

By 2022, the volume of demand for electricity in the IPS of the East is projected at the level of 42.504 billion kWh (the average annual growth rate for the period 2016-2022 is 4.0%) (Figure 2.9) .

The forecast for the demand for electricity for the period 2016-2022 takes into account changes in the territorial structure of the energy zone of the East - the accession to the UES of the East of isolated energy regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) - Western and Central, whose electricity consumption is more than 70% of the total consumption in the centralized energy supply zone Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The connection of isolated energy districts determines the high dynamics of demand for electricity in the period 2016-2017.

The demand for electric energy in the IPS of the East, excluding the connection of the Central and Western energy regions of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) at the level of 2022 in the considered option is estimated at 36.5 billion kWh with an average annual increase for the period 2016 - 2022 of 1.8% , with the corresponding indicator for the UES of Russia 0.6%. The outpacing growth rates of demand for electricity in the IPS of the East in the considered perspective are determined by the economic development of the region. The growth in demand for electrical energy is associated primarily with the upcoming development of industrial production, taking into account the implementation of new large-scale projects - potential residents of industrial production zones, including:

metallurgical production, represented by large investment projects - the formation of a mining and metallurgical cluster in the Amur region on the basis of ore deposits, including the Kimkano-Sutarsky GOK (commissioning in 2016), the development of gold ore deposits in the Amur Region - Malomyrsky, Pokrovsky and Albynsky mines;

coal mining on the territory of the South Yakutsk energy region - Elginskoye deposit and Chulmakanskaya mine, and Khabarovsk Territory - OJSC "Urgalugol";

oil and gas processing facilities and the creation of new facilities for the petrochemical complex associated with the development of trunk oil and gas pipeline systems, the largest of the projects is the construction of a petrochemical complex by OAO NK Rosneft in Nakhodka by ZAO VNKhK (a joint project with the Chinese corporation ChemChina) , a plant for the production of liquefied natural gas of Gazprom LNG Vladivostok LLC with the commissioning of the first stage in 2020, the Amur Oil Refinery in the village of Berezovka, Ivanovsky District - a complex for oil refining and transportation of petroleum products (processing capacity up to 6 million tons of raw materials per year, taking into account the supply of petroleum products to the domestic market and exports to China);

development of shipbuilding enterprises on the basis of the Far Eastern Center for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair, the main directions of which are the modernization of ship repair facilities and the creation of new capacities for the implementation of projects for the production of modern marine equipment - Primorsky Krai;

implementation of the Vostochny Cosmodrome project in the Amur Region;

implementation of projects in priority development areas (TORs), including Nadezhdinskaya TOR (creation of a logistics center, industrial park and related industries) and Mikhailovskaya TOR (agro-industrial specialization) in Primorsky Krai.

In terms of transport infrastructure, the following seaports (transport and logistics sites) will be developed:

in the Khabarovsk Territory - the port of Vanino, where a specialized coal transshipment complex of Mechel OJSC, a coal transshipment terminal in Muchka Bay of Sakhatrans LLC, a coal transshipment terminal near Buryi Cape of Far Eastern Vanino Port LLC, including for servicing transshipment of coal from the Elegestskoye deposit (Republic of Tyva);

in Primorsky Krai - LLC "Sea Port" Sukhodol "- a specialized cargo port in the area of ​​Sukhodol Bay (Shkotovsky District), LLC "Port Vera" in the area of ​​Bezzashchitnaya Bay on the territory of the ZATO of the city of Fokino - a sea terminal with related infrastructure, JSC "Trading Port Posyet "in the Khasansky district - modernization and construction of a specialized coal terminal with an increase in capacity up to 12 million tons per year.

JSC AK Transneft is working to expand the first and second stages of the Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean pipeline system: ESPO-1 to 80 million tons per year and ESPO-2 to 50 million tons by 2020. This determines the construction three PSs in the Amur Region and PSs in the Khabarovsk Territory, as well as an increase in capacity at existing PSs in the Amur Region and the South Yakutsk Energy Region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

In connection with the connection of isolated energy regions, the territorial structure of electricity consumption of the IPS of the East is changing - the share of the energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is significantly increasing - up to 19% in 2022 (5.3% - the share of the South Yakutsk energy region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the IPS of the East currently).

The Western energy region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) includes the Aikhalo-Udachny, Mirny, Lena industrial hubs and a group of Vilyui agricultural regions. The main profiling industries are diamond mining and processing, which is a traditional specialization of the region, and oil production. These energy-intensive industries determine the specifics of the structure of electricity consumption both in the Western Energy District of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (the share of mining industries is at least 57% in the structure of industrial consumption of electrical energy), and the entire energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), namely: a high share of industrial production in the total structure of electricity consumption (43% in the whole of the Yakutsk energy system, including 37% for mining) against the background of a relatively low share that is typical for the IPS of the East at present (24% and 6%, respectively). Growth in demand for electrical energy in the Western energy region of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in the considered perspective will be determined by the development of core industries - oil production (development of the central block of the Srednebotuobinsky oil and gas condensate field) and oil transportation through the pipeline system "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean", mining and processing of diamonds ( improvement of mining technology, development of underground diamond-bearing pipes "Aikhal", "International", "Botuobinskaya", "Nyurbinskaya", development of the mining and processing complex "Udachninsky", associated with the transition from quarry to mine production with involvement in the operation of deep horizons of the deposit), as well as the creation industrial and social infrastructure.

2.1. Characteristics of the structure of the Unified Energy System of Russia

What is the UES of Russia?

The Unified Energy System of Russia is a highly automated complex of power plants, electric grids and power grid facilities that is developing throughout the country, united by a single technological regime and centralized operational dispatch control.

UES of Russia is the world's largest synchronously operating electric power association, covering about 7 thousand km from west to east and more than 3 thousand km from north to south.

The UES of Russia provides reliable, economical and high-quality power supply to the sectors of the economy and the population of the Russian Federation, as well as the supply of electricity to the power systems of foreign countries.

Development of the UES of Russia and its modern structure

The development of the UES of Russia took place through a phased unification and organization of parallel operation of regional energy systems, the formation of interregional unified energy systems (IPS) and their subsequent unification as part of the Unified Energy System.

The transition to this form of organization of the electric power industry was due to the need for a more rational use of energy resources, increasing the efficiency and reliability of the country's power supply.

At the end of 2005, as part of the UES of Russia, six unified energy systems operated in parallel (see Fig. 2.1) - the North-West, the Center, the Middle Volga, the Urals, the South, and Siberia. The IPS of the East, which includes 4 regional power systems of the Far East, operates separately from the IPS of Siberia. The dividing points between these united energy systems are located on the transit high-voltage line (HVL) 220 kV Chitaenergo - Amurenergo and are established promptly depending on the emerging balance of both energy associations.

The experience of more than 40 years of operation of the UES of Russia has shown that the creation of an integral unified system, despite the relative weakness of network connections between the European part of Russia - Siberia and Siberia - the Far East, provides tangible savings in electricity generation costs due to the effective management of electric energy flows and contributes to reliable energy supply of the country.

IPS North-West

As part of the IPS of the North-West, there are power facilities located in the territories of St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov, Arkhangelsk regions, the Republics of Karelia and Komi. The UES provides synchronous parallel operation of the UES of Russia with the power systems of the Baltic countries and Belarus, as well as non-synchronous parallel operation (through a converter) with the power system of Finland and the export of electricity to the countries that are members of the Scandinavian power system association NORDEL (Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden).

Distinctive features of the IPS of the North-West are:

• extended (up to 1000 km) single-circuit transit overhead lines 220 kV (Vologda - Arkhangelsk - Vorkuta) and 330 kV (St. Petersburg - Karelia - Murmansk);
• a large proportion of power plants operating in the base mode (large nuclear power plants and thermal power plants), providing about 90% of the total electricity generation in the UES. In this connection, the regulation of the irregularity of the daily and seasonal total power consumption schedules of the UES occurs mainly due to intersystem power flows. This leads to reverse loading of intra- and intersystem transit lines of 220-750 kV almost to the maximum allowable values.

ECO Center

The IPS of the Center is the largest (in terms of the production potential concentrated in it) unified energy system in the UES of Russia. As part of the IPS Center, there are power facilities located in the territories of Moscow, Yaroslavl, Tver, Smolensk, Moscow, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Vologda, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, Ryazan, Tambov, Bryansk, Kaluga, Tula, Oryol, Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Lipetsk region, and the generating capacity of the association's power plants is about 25% of the total generating capacity of the UES of Russia.

Distinctive features of the IES Center are:

• its location at the junction of several UES (North-West, Middle Volga, Urals and South), as well as energy systems of Ukraine and Belarus;
• the highest share of nuclear power plants in the structure of generating capacity in the UES;
• a large number of large power consumption nodes associated with ferrous metallurgy enterprises, as well as large industrial urban centers (Vologda-Cherepovets, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod);
• the presence of the Moscow energy system, the largest in Russia, which imposes increased requirements on ensuring the reliability of power supply regimes and is currently characterized by high rates and a large increase in power consumption;
• the need for a wide involvement of power units of thermal power plants in the process of regulating the frequency and power flows to increase the flexibility of mode control and the reliability of the UES.

IPS of the Middle Volga

As part of the IPS of the Middle Volga, there are power facilities located in the territories of the Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk regions, the Mordovian, Tatar, Chuvash and Mari republics.

The IPS is located in the Central part of the UES of Russia and borders on the IPS of the Center and the Urals, as well as on the energy system of Kazakhstan. The UES provides transit transmission of power - up to 4300 MW from east to west and up to 3800 MW from west to east, which allows the most efficient use of the generating capacities of both the association itself and the UES of the Center, the Urals and Siberia during the day.

A distinctive feature of the UES of the Middle Volga is a significant share of hydro-generating capacities (HPPs of the Volga-Kama cascade), which allows you to quickly change generation in a wide range up to 4880 MW, ensuring both frequency regulation in the UES of Russia and maintaining the value of transit flows from the UES of the Center, the Urals and Siberia within the given limits.

IPS Urals

The IPS of the Urals is formed from power facilities located in the territories of the Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Perm, Orenburg, Tyumen, Kirov, Kurgan regions, the Udmurt and Bashkir republics. They are united by more than 106 thousand kilometers of power transmission lines (a quarter of the total length of the overhead lines of the UES of Russia) with a voltage of 500-110 kilovolts, located on an area of ​​almost 2.4 million square kilometers. There are 106 power plants operating as part of the UES of the Urals, the total installed capacity of which is over 42 thousand MW, or 21.4% of the total installed capacity of the power plants of the UES of Russia. The IPS is located in the center of the country, at the junction of the IPS of Siberia, the Center of the Middle Volga and Kazakhstan.

The distinctive features of the UES of the Urals are:

• a complex 500 kV multi-ring network, in which from two to eight 500 kV overhead lines are disconnected daily for scheduled or emergency repairs, as well as a voltage reserve;
• significant daily fluctuations in power consumption with an evening decline (speed up to 1200 MWh) and morning growth (speed up to 1400 MWh) caused by a high share of industry in the consumption of the Urals;
• a large share of highly maneuverable block equipment of thermal power plants (58% of the installed capacity), which allows you to change the total load of the power plants of the UES of the Urals daily in the range from 5000 to 7000 MW and switch off to the reserve on weekends and holidays from two to ten power units with a total capacity of 500 to 2000 MW. This makes it possible to regulate intersystem flows from the IPS of the Center, the Middle Volga, Siberia and Kazakhstan and ensure reliable power supply to consumers in the Urals.

IPS South

As part of the IPS of the South, power facilities operate located on the territory of the Krasnodar, Stavropol Territories, Volgograd, Astrakhan, Rostov Regions, the Chechen, Ingush, Dagestan, Kabardino-Balkarian, Kalmyk, North Ossetian and Karachay-Cherkess Republics. The UES ensures the parallel operation of the UES of Russia with the energy systems of Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Georgia.

The distinctive features of the IPS of the South are:

the historically established scheme of the electrical network based on 330-500 kV overhead lines, stretching from the northwest to the southeast along the Caucasus Range in areas with intense icing, especially in the foothills;

uneven flow of the rivers of the North Caucasus (Don, Kuban, Terek, Sulak), which has a significant impact on the balance of electricity, leading to a shortage of electricity in winter, with a corresponding load of the electrical network in the west-east direction, and a surplus in summer, with loading in the opposite direction direction;

the largest (compared to other IPS) share of household load in the structure of electricity consumption, which leads to sharp jumps in electricity consumption with temperature changes.

IPS of Siberia

The IPS of Siberia is the most geographically extended association in the UES of Russia, covering the territory from the Omsk region in Western Siberia to the Chita region in Eastern Siberia. The IPS includes power facilities located in the territories of the Altai and Krasnoyarsk Territories, Omsk, Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Irkutsk, Chita Regions, the Republics of Khakassia, Buryatia and Tyva. Taimyrenergo operates in isolation. About 87 thousand kilometers of overhead lines with a voltage of 1150–110 kilovolts and more than 46 GW of generating capacities of power plants are combined in the UES, more than 50% of which are hydropower capacities.

The IPS of Siberia was formed from scratch in a short historical period. Simultaneously with the construction of powerful and efficient HPP cascades and the construction of large SDPPs, large territorial industrial complexes (Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk, Sayansk, Kansk-Achinsk fuel and energy complex - KATEK) were created on the basis of cheap brown coal from open mining. The next step was the construction of high-voltage power lines, the creation of regional energy systems by combining powerful power plants with electric networks, and then the formation of the IPS of Siberia.

Distinctive features of the IPS of Siberia are:

a unique structure of generating capacity, more than 50% of which are hydroelectric power plants with reservoirs of long-term regulation and reserves of about 30 billion kWh for a period of prolonged low water. At the same time, HPPs in Siberia produce almost 10% of the electricity generated by all power plants of the UES of Russia;

significant natural fluctuations in the annual runoff of the rivers of the Angara-Yenisei basin, the energy potential of which is from 70 to 120 billion kWh, with poor predictability of river water content even in the short term;

the use of the peak capacity of HPPs in Siberia in regulating the load of the European part of the IPS and the regulation of the annual uneven power output of HPPs along the watercourse by the reserves of TPPs in the Urals and the Center. For this purpose, the construction of 500 kV and 1150 kV overhead lines was carried out for the transit Siberia - Kazakhstan - Urals - Middle Volga Center with a planned power reversal of up to 3–6 million kW.

IPS of the Far East

On the territory of the Far East and the Far North, power facilities located in the Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories, Amur, Kamchatka, Magadan, Sakhalin Regions and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) operate. Of these, power facilities located on

territories of the Amur Region, the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories and the South Yakut Energy District of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are united by intersystem power lines of 500 and 220 kV, have a single mode of operation and form the IPS of the East.

The IPS of the East operates in isolation from the UES of Russia, and its distinctive features are:

the predominance in the structure of generating capacities of thermal power plants (more than 70% of the installed capacity), which have a limited range of regulation;

limited possibilities of using the control ranges of the Zeya and Bureyskaya HPPs due to the need to ensure navigation on the Zeya and Amur rivers;

placement of the main generating sources in the north-western part, and the main consumption areas - in the south-east of the IPS;

one of the highest in the UES of Russia (almost 21%) the share of household load in electricity consumption;

extended power lines.

Connections of the UES of Russia with the energy systems of foreign countries

At the end of 2005, the energy systems of Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Moldova and Mongolia were operating in parallel with the UES of Russia. Through the energy system of Kazakhstan, in parallel with the UES of Russia, the energy systems of Central Asia - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan worked.

The structure of internal and external relations of the UES of Russia is shown in fig. 2.2.

The parallel operation of the UES of Russia with the energy systems of neighboring countries provides real advantages associated with the combination of electric load schedules and power reserves, and allows for the mutual exchange (export/import) of electricity between these energy systems (see Section 3.4).

In addition, together with the UES of Russia, the energy system of Finland, which is part of the union of Scandinavian energy systems, operated through the devices of the Vyborg Converter Complex. From the electrical networks of Russia, electricity was also supplied to selected areas of Norway and China.

2.2. Operational dispatch control in the UES of Russia

JSC "SO-CDU UES" - the highest body of operational dispatch

The management of such a large synchronously operating association as the UES of Russia is a complex engineering task that has no analogues in the world.

To solve it, a multi-level hierarchical system of operational dispatch control has been created in Russia (see Section 1.1), including: System operator - Central dispatch control (hereinafter also SO-CDU UES); seven territorial united dispatching offices (ODU or SO-ODU) - in each of the seven IESs; regional dispatching offices (RDU or SO-RDU); control points of power plants and electric grid enterprises; operational teams.

Tasks and functions of JSC "SO-CDU UES"

SO-CDU UES JSC carries out centralized operational and technological management of the Unified Energy System of Russia.

The main tasks of JSC "SO-CDU UES" are:

• ensuring system reliability in the conditions of developing competitive relations in the electric power industry;
• ensuring compliance with the established technological parameters of the functioning of the electric power industry and standard indicators of the quality of electric energy;
• creation of conditions for the effective functioning of the electricity (capacity) market and ensuring the fulfillment of obligations of electric power industry entities under contracts concluded on the wholesale electricity market and retail markets. JSC SO-CDU UES performs the following functions within the UES of Russia:
• forecasting and balancing the production and consumption of electricity;
• planning and taking measures to ensure the necessary power reserve for loading and unloading power plants;
• operational management of current modes, carried out by dispatching personnel;
• use of automatic control of normal and emergency modes;
• implementation of safe functioning, prevention of development and liquidation of emergency situations in power systems and UES of Russia as a whole.

Strategic tasks for optimizing the operating modes of the UES of Russia

In addition, the supervisory authorities with the participation of other infrastructure organizations of the electric power industry solve strategic tasks to optimize the operating modes of the UES of Russia in the medium and long term, including:

forecasting of power and electricity consumption and development of power and electricity balances;

determination of the capacity of the sections of the electrical network of the UES;

optimization of the use of energy resources and overhaul of generating equipment;

ensuring the implementation of calculations of electrical modes, static and dynamic stability;

centralized control of technological modes of operation of devices and systems of relay protection, automation and emergency automation of intersystem and main system-forming power lines, buses, transformers and autotransformers of communication of the main voltage classes (calculation of short-circuit currents, selection of settings for relay protection and automation devices (RPA) and emergency automatics (PA));

distribution of functions of operational dispatch control of equipment and power lines, preparation of operational and technical documentation;

development of schemes and regimes for characteristic periods of the year (autumn-winter maximum, flood period, etc.), as well as in connection with the commissioning of new facilities and the expansion of the composition of parallel operating power systems;

coordination of repair schedules for the main equipment of power plants, power lines, substation equipment, relay protection and PA devices;

solution of the whole range of issues of ensuring the reliability of power supply and quality of electricity, the introduction and improvement of dispatch control tools and automatic mode control systems.

Automated supervisory control system

To solve the problems of planning, operational and automatic control, an advanced computer automated dispatch control system (ASCS) is used, which represents a hierarchical network of dispatching data processing centers SO-CDU, SO-ODU and SO-RDU, interconnected and with power facilities (power plants, substations) telemechanics and communication channels. Each dispatch center is equipped with a powerful computer system that provides real-time automatic collection, processing and display of operational information about the parameters of the operating mode of the UES of Russia, the state of the electrical network and the main power equipment, which allows dispatch personnel of the appropriate level of management to exercise operational control and management of the operation of the UES of Russia, and also solving problems of planning and analysis of regimes, monitoring the participation of power plants in the primary and secondary regulation of the frequency of electric current.

The emergency automation system is the most important means of maintaining the reliability and survivability of the UES of Russia

The most important means of maintaining the reliability and survivability of the UES of Russia is a multi-level system of emergency automatics, which has no analogues in foreign electrical interconnections. This system prevents and localizes the development of systemic accidents by:

• automatic prevention of stability violation;
• automatic elimination of asynchronous mode;
• automatic limitation of decrease and increase in frequency;
• automatic limitation of voltage decrease and increase;
• automatic unloading equipment.

Devices for emergency and regime automation are located at power facilities (local complexes) and at dispatch centers of SO-CDU UES JSC (centralized emergency automation systems that ensure coordination of the work of local complexes).

Steps to further optimize the system of operational dispatch control in the UES of Russia in the context of reforming the Russian electric power industry

In the context of reforming and reorganizing AOenergo, the most important task of SO-CDU UES is to maintain the functions of operational dispatch control, which requires the establishment of new technological relationships with newly formed companies in the industry.

For this purpose, in 2005, an Agreement was concluded between the System Operator and JSC FGC UES (Federal Grid Company, see section 1) on the temporary preservation of the existing scheme of operational dispatch control of the facilities of the Unified National Electric Grid (UNEG) and the procedure for organizing safe performance of work in the event of separation from the regional power grid companies and the transfer of UNEG facilities for repair and maintenance of FGC.

Also in 2005, in the process of redistributing the functions of dispatching networks of the UES of Russia, together with JSC FGC UES, the main criteria for classifying 110 kV and higher overhead lines as dispatching objects were developed and agreed upon.

The Program of organizational and technical measures for the acceptance into dispatch control or dispatch control of the dispatcher of the RDU of 220 kV overhead lines, equipment, devices for automatic control, relay protection and automation and dispatch and technological control systems (SDTU) of networks related to UNEG has been prepared and is being implemented. In 2005, the System Operator accepted 70 220 kV overhead lines into dispatch control.

As part of the optimization of the operational dispatch control system, a target organizational and functional model for the operational dispatch control of the UES of Russia was developed and put into operation. In accordance with this model, a pilot project has been developed to enlarge the operating area of ​​the Branch of SO-CDU UES - Smolensk RDU, which provides for a complex of organizational

onno-technical measures to transfer the functions of operational dispatch control of dispatching facilities in the territory of the Bryansk and Kaluga regions to the Branch of JSC "SO - CDU UES" - Smolensk RDU.

In 2005, work was carried out to optimize the scheme for transmitting dispatcher commands to power facilities during operational switching. Intermediate links are excluded from the scheme of passing dispatcher commands, which is a factor in increasing the reliability of controlling the UES modes. As of December 31, 2005, out of 1514 overhead lines 220 kV and above, which are in the dispatch control of the dispatch centers of SO-CDU UES, a direct scheme for transmitting commands "dispatcher - power facility" was implemented to control 756 lines (49.9% of their total number).

2.3. Main performance indicators of the UES of Russia in 2005

Maximum load of power plants and maximum power consumption in the UES of Russia and the Russian Federation

The annual maximum load of power plants of the UES of Russia was recorded at 18:00 on December 27, 2005 and amounted to 137.4 thousand MW at an electric current frequency of 50.002 Hz. The annual maximum load of power plants in the Russian Federation reached 143.5 thousand MW.

The participation of generating capacities of various types in covering the load curve during the period of maximum loads is shown in fig. 2.3 for the December days of 2004 and 2005

The maximum power consumption in the Russian Federation in 2005 amounted to 141.6 mln. – 36.2 mln. kW (+0.7%), for the IPS of the Middle Volga – 12.9 mln. ), for the IPS of the North-West - 13.3 million kW (+1.2%), for the IPS of the South - 11.9 million kW (-0.6%), for the IPS of Siberia - 29.5 million kW (+0.7%), for the IPS of the East - 4.8 million kW (-0.3%).

Indicators of the actual frequency of electric current in the UES of Russia

The Unified Energy System of Russia in 2005 worked 100% of the calendar time at the standard frequency of electric current, determined by GOST (see Fig. 2.4). In addition, in 2005, 100% of the time, the frequency of electric current in the energy interconnection of the UES of Russia, the CIS countries and the Baltic States was maintained within the limits established by the order of OAO RAO UES of Russia dated September 18, 2002 No. 524 “On improving the quality of regulation of the frequency of electric current in the UES of Russia” and the Standard of JSC RAO “UES of Russia” “Rules for preventing the development and elimination of violations of the normal regime of the electrical part of power systems”.

The aggravation of the conditions for regulating the variable part of the daily load schedules in the European part of the UES of Russia is a trend of recent years

During 2005, the trend of recent years continued

Decompression of daily load curves of consumers in the European part of Russia. This is especially true for the daily power consumption schedules of the UES of the Center, the Middle Volga and the North-West. The conditions for covering the daily load schedules of the listed UES and the European part of the UES of Russia depend to a greater extent on the structure of generating capacities. At the same time, the overall control range of the load of UES power plants is decreasing due to the continued decline in the share of cross-linked IES in recent years due to the aging and dismantling of this type of equipment, an increase in the installed capacity of nuclear power plants, as well as a relatively small share of hydroelectric power plants and the presence of only one pumped storage power plant. in the structure of generating capacities of the UES of the European part of the UES of Russia. In almost all UES, this has led to aggravation of the conditions for regulating the variable part of the daily load schedules, especially on weekends and holidays. Regulation of daily schedules is ensured by deeper night unloading of TPP power units, as well as their shutdown in reserve for weekends and holidays. On some days in 2005, due to the insufficiency of the control range, it became necessary to partially unload NPP power units up to their transfer to the reserve.

The great potential of HPPs of the IPS of Siberia in regulating the variable part of the load schedule of the UES of Russia still cannot be used due to significant distances and weak electrical connections with adjacent IPSs.

Sustainability of the UES of Russia and the main major technological disruptions

In 2005, the Unified Energy System worked steadily.

The system reliability of the UES of Russia was ensured despite the presence of technological disruptions in the operation of industry enterprises and power systems.

Among the most significant violations are the following:

1) May 25, 2005, as a result of a combination of a number of factors, an accident occurred, the development of which led to the disconnection of a large number of consumers in Moscow, the Moscow, Tula, Kaluga regions and the disconnection of a number of consumers in the Ryazan, Smolensk and Oryol regions with a total load of 3500 MW;

2) 07/27/2005, under the conditions of the repair scheme as a result of the shutdown of two 110 kV overhead lines and subsequent shutdown due to power surge and stability violation by the action of the ALAR of two 220 kV overhead lines, the Permsko-Zakamsk power center was allocated for isolated operation with a power shortage, a short-term decrease in frequency to 46.5 Hz and de-energization of consumers by the action of the AChR with a total load of 400 MW;

3) 08/07/2005, under the conditions of the repair scheme in the 220 kV network of the Kuban energy system, the 220 kV and 110 kV overhead lines were disconnected. The double-circuit 220 kV overhead line was switched off by the action of the PA and the remaining 110 kV transit lines along the Black Sea coast were protected from overload. At the same time, the Sochi energy district was de-energized with a load of 280 MW;

4) In the period from 16 to 17 September 2005 in the western regions of the Chita region due to adverse weather conditions with a sharp drop in outdoor temperature, wind speed up to 30 m/s, heavy precipitation in the form of rain and sleet with sticking and icing on the wires and structures of the poles of overhead lines, numerous wire breaks occurred with damage to the poles. As a result, four 220 kV overhead lines were turned off, which led to the allocation of the Chita energy system for non-synchronous operation and the shutdown of three 220 kV substations with a blackout in settlements, traction transit substations and a disruption in the movement of trains of the Trans-Baikal Railway;

5) From November 18 to November 20, 2005, under adverse weather conditions (strong wind, sleet) in JSC "Lenenergo" there were massive outages of 6-220 kV overhead lines. As a result, the power supply to 218 settlements was interrupted, including the district centers of Mga (with a population of 9 thousand people), Vsevolozhsk (with a population of 43 thousand people), Kirovsk (with a population of 50 thousand people), Nikolskoye ( with a population of 17 thousand people), Shlisselburg (with a population of 10 thousand people) with a load of 140 MW.

2.4. The main problems and disproportions in the functioning of the UES of Russia

The main problems of the UES of Russia

The presence in the European part of the UES of a large proportion of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants with low maneuverability, the concentration of flexible thermal power plants and hydropower plants in the UES of the Urals, the Middle Volga and Siberia causes a significant range of changes in power flows on the links Center - Middle Volga - Urals when covering consumption schedules. Increasing the transit capacity of the Center - Middle Volga - Urals through the construction of a number of lines of the backbone network of 500 kV will reduce restrictions on power transmission through the main controlled sections, increase the reliability of parallel operation of the European and Ural parts of the UES of Russia.

The task of increasing the reliability of the operation of the Saratov-Balakovo energy center and strengthening the power distribution scheme of the Balakovo NPP by strengthening the transit of the IPS of the Middle Volga - the IPS of the South is topical.

The construction of new Ural-Middle Volga transit lines will make it possible to improve the reliability of power supply to the Southern Urals and the power output of the Balakovo NPP. It is also necessary to strengthen transits in the North-Western region of the UES of Russia and its connection with the IPS of the Center at a voltage of 750 kV. Network solutions will increase the throughput capacity of the North-West - Center section and eliminate the locked power in the Kola energy system.

The main problems of the regions

Territory of Moscow and Moscow region

The growth of power consumption in the region, the maximum load in the 110 kV distribution network, the limitation of power transfer from the 500 kV network to the lower voltage network due to the lack of autotransformer connections necessitate the strengthening of the 220-110 kV network, the construction of new and reconstruction of existing substations with an increase in their transformer capacity, as well as the introduction of additional maneuvering capacities.

Territory of the Nizhny Novgorod region

Reinforcement of the 220 kV network of the Nizhny Novgorod energy system, construction of flexible capacities will improve the reliability of power supply to consumers during emergency shutdowns in the 500 kV network.

Territory of the Kaluga and Bryansk regions

The Kaluga and Bryansk energy systems are in short supply. The commissioning of a new generating capacity linked to a 220 kV network will ensure a reliable power supply to consumers.

Territory of the Saratov region

The power output of power unit No. 1 of the Balakovo NPP has been limited in repair schemes. Strengthening the 500-220 kV network of the Balakovo-Saratov hub will increase the capacity of communications between the Saratov energy system and the IPS of the Middle Volga by 500-600 MW.

Territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region

It is urgent to increase the reliability of power supply in the north of the Leningrad Region, St. Petersburg and the supply of electricity to Finland due to the high load of intra-system networks 220-330 kV. There are also restrictions on the power output of the Leningrad NPP in the repair schemes. Reconstruction of existing and construction of new power grid facilities is required.

IPS South

To ensure reliable power output of the second power unit of the Volgodonsk NPP, it is necessary to increase the throughput capacity of the network of the Rostov and Stavropol energy systems, due to the construction of new lines of the backbone network. The active growth of consumption in the Kuban energy system, the transfer of power to the scarce Astrakhan energy system cause the appearance of restrictions in the intra-system networks, which can be eliminated by the commissioning of generating capacities in the energy systems.

It is required to increase the reliability of the operation of the interstate transit of the UES of the South - the Azerbaijan energy system, power supply to consumers of the Dagestan energy system and the Chechen Republic.

IPS Urals

It is necessary to increase the capacity of communications with the UES of Russia in the Bereznikovsko-Solikamsky and Permsko-Zakamsky energy districts of the Perm energy system, the Western and Northern energy districts of the Orenburg energy system, the Northern, Noyabrsky, Kogalymsky, Neftyugansky, Nizhnevartovsky energy regions of the Tyumen energy system, Kropachevo

Zlatoustovsky district of the Chelyabinsk energy system, Serovo-Bogoslovsky district of the Sverdlovsk energy system, Kirov energy system.

High consumption growth rates (development of metallurgical and aluminum production facilities, development of the Subpolar Urals) necessitate an increase in network throughput and commissioning of new capacities.

To eliminate deficits in certain areas and form a promising reserve of power, it is necessary to commission generating capacity at a number of sites in the Tyumen, Sverdlovsk, and Chelyabinsk energy systems. Electric grid construction, installation of reactive power compensation means is necessary.

IPS of Siberia

The active development of consumption in the presence of network restrictions characterize the mode of operation of the Tomsk energy system and the Southern region of the Kuzbass energy system. In these areas, it is necessary to commission generating capacities and power grid construction.

IPS East

The power output of the Zeya hydroelectric power station was limited and the reliability of power supply to consumers of the Trans-Siberian Railway in the Amur energy system was reduced. Insufficient reliability of power supply to consumers in Vladivostok and Nakhodka in Dalenergo. The presence of power transmission restrictions on the connections of the Khabarovsk energy system and Dalenergo, the power output of the Khabarovsk CHPP-3 leads to a decrease in the reliability of power supply in Khabarovsk. There is a problem of ensuring reliable power supply to consumers of the Sovgavansky energy center. It is necessary to carry out the construction of a number of lines of the system-forming network, to reconstruct the existing substations and to build new substations.

1 Under normal conditions, the dividing point is located in Amurenergo, and in the event of a power shortage in Chitaenergo, the dividing point is transferred to Chitaenergo.

2 26% of the total installed capacity in the UES of the Middle Volga and about 15% of the total installed capacity of hydroelectric power plants of the UES of Russia.

3 Northern synchronous zone (NORDEL) - power interconnection of the Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Iceland). The western (continental) part of the Danish power system operates in parallel with the Western UCTE synchronous zone, and the eastern part with NORDEL, while the Icelandic power system operates autonomously.

4 Order of JSC RAO "UES of Russia" dated 30.01.2006 No. 68 "On Approval of the Target Organizational and Functional Model of Operational and Dispatching Management of the UES of Russia".

5 Measures to optimize the functions of operational dispatch control in the operating area of ​​the ODU Center are carried out on the basis of Order No. 258/1 of SO-CDU UES dated December 26, 2005.

6 Indicated for parallel operating power systems of the interconnected power system.

7 Power plants in which all boilers operate on a common live steam header from which all steam turbines are fed.

8 ALAR - automatic elimination of asynchronous mode.

9 AChR - automatic frequency unloading.