From time immemorial, bread was considered the main food in the house. Because of this, he was always treated with great respect. Particular attention was paid not only to the process of its manufacture, but also to its handling, and if the loaf suddenly fell, there was always an explanation. And the signs associated with why bread falls on the floor have not lost their relevance today.

Dropped a loaf of bread on the floor - soon a scandal will erupt in your house

Signs

The meaning of signs about bread is closely related to the circumstances under which it fell.

1. If you find yourself on the floor during the celebration of an event, expect an important status person to visit you. It is quite possible that he will bring very interesting news with him.
2. Half of the bread falling on the floor during a family dinner promises that a person will soon appear on the doorstep of the house, whose visit will not lead to anything good. Most likely, you will hear unpleasant news from him.
3. Pieces of bread fell from the table - the sign says that financial difficulties await you. In this case, the sign connects events with problems at work, which will lead to a decrease in income.
4. If bread remains, such as crumbs and crusts, are scattered, diseases are possible that will affect family members. According to this sign about bread, treatment will be difficult, and recovery will not come soon. Signs advise paying attention to your health condition, and if you feel the slightest ailment, consult a doctor.
5. If you dropped a loaf on the floor, a scandal will soon erupt in your house. According to another sign, such an event promises a bad harvest this year and famine. However, if she ends up on the floor during a feast, drastic changes will occur in life that promise to be prosperous.

At the wedding

There are also signs about wedding bread - loaf. There was always a reverent attitude towards it, since this product, according to ancient beliefs, could tell how the life of a new family would develop.

• If a piece of loaf falls on the floor, then this is an unpleasant omen. It says that your authority in the family will be hopelessly lost, and you risk taking a weak position for many years: you will find yourself subordinate to your significant other.
• A bad sign is considered to be the situation when part of a loaf ends up on the floor, from which you have already taken a small bite. This promises trouble for a person; an attack may happen to him.
• But the worst thing is when a loaf of wedding bread falls on the floor. According to the sign, this promises a lot of quarrels and conflicts in the family. Scandals and showdowns will happen so often that it will ultimately lead to the dissolution of the marriage.

Bread is a product that should be handled with care. After all, if it is on the table, it means there is prosperity and satiety in the house. But at the same time, you should not take the bad omens associated with it to heart. To prevent disaster, be careful and treat the bread with respect.

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Bread magic

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Bread is probably one of the most ancient food products. According to historical data, it appeared about 15 thousand years ago. At first, of course, people ate raw grain, but then they learned to grind it using stones, mix the resulting flour with water and make bread.

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Those who lived during the times of the USSR probably remember this slogan: “Bread is the head of everything!” Of course, such an important product simply could not help but be used in magic. Our ancestors noticed that magical operations with bread bring the expected positive results.

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This is how a whole trend appeared - the magic of bread.

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"Bread" rituals

Druids baked special, ritual bread at their fires. Everyone who tried at least a piece of this bread received it magical power. Therefore it was accepted that all members of the clan gather together for a meal, where they always ate ritual magic bread. It was also customary to feed this bread to domestic animals.. Crumbs of magical bread were scattered across the fields: it was believed that this could increase soil fertility.

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It is interesting to note that for preparing ritual flat cakes and kneading dough, ancient people They used a special sheep skin, which was considered a talisman and talisman that bestows fertility.

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The ancient Gauls had a tradition: bake bread with a hole in the middle from oatmeal and scatter this bread across the fields where cattle usually graze. People believed that this way they could protect animals from being eaten by predators.

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It is worth noting that the ancient Egyptians denoted bread, the sun and gold with the same symbol - a circle with a dot in the center.

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The ancient Greeks believed that if the host does not serve bread to the guests, then he is poor. People believed that not eating bread was a very big sin, for which the gods would definitely punish.

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In Tibet there is a custom of scattering wholemeal flour - tsampa - into the wind.. Moreover, this ritual can be performed for a variety of purposes: to ask the spirits of nature for something, for the New Year, at the birth of a child, and also at a funeral - so that the soul of the deceased quickly passes into another world.

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Bread for healing

Our ancestors also used the most important product on the table. as a medicine.

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For example, in Rus' abscesses were treated, adding chewed bread mixed with sugar or salt to them.

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Rye dough helped a lot from aching bones.

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And in order to to stop the bleeding There was one proven way - to drink rye flour, which was diluted in water.

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Fortune telling on bread

When people bake bread, Demons run away to the mountains...
Old Arabic proverb

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Bread is a sacred product. But bread is not only a symbol of life, it is also an indicator of future events. Yeast dough gets its taste and quality not only from water and flour, yeast and sugar. Its properties largely depend on the bioenergy invested in it.

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This was well known in Rus', and therefore, to determine the character of the future bride, they carefully watched what kind of loaf she made. Many centuries have passed since then, but the old signs, which allow us to judge a person and his fate by the nature of the baked bread, are still true today.

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We all know that every housewife has her own secrets. One housewife has such pies that you just want to put them in your mouth, while another bakes beautiful pies, but you can’t put them in your mouth. It is also known that with the same housewife there is no such thing as time after time. Products from yeast dough Sometimes they turn out fluffy and literally melt in your mouth, sometimes they just can’t rise.

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Modern bioenergetic research shows that this depends on future events that await the owner and her family. While the dough rises and reaches its condition, it absorbs the aura of the house and the energy of the person preparing it. Distortions of the biofield of a person and place are recorded in the aura of the test.

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Then the bread goes through a fiery birth. Its taste and form are living evidence of what awaits its owners in the near future.

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According to Russian tradition, bread was used for fortune telling, that is, a round loaf of yeast dough without filling. It was baked separately from the pies, although often from the same dough as the rest of the treat, but it was dedicated to the brownie and given to him for food.

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Modern knowledge allows us to testify to the truth of folk wisdom: bread without filling more accurately shows the strengths and weaknesses of a person’s aura and it is easy to predict his character and destiny from it.

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Let's start with the fact that appearance and the taste of bread for each housewife has its own unique characteristics. How tastier bread, the more vitality a person has, the brighter and purer his aura, the kinder he is.

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The bread is fluffy and light speaks of a person’s happy and light hand and the special significance of his destiny: he will achieve many things in life easily and playfully, as if by itself.

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The bread is tasty, but heavy, quickly satiating those who eat it, indicates that the one who prepared it is a kind and wise person, but his fate will be difficult, he will suffer a lot because of the people around him. According to research, such a product is obtained by those people who have light bioenergy, but do not know how to retain it.

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The bread is lush, but bland and tasteless says that the one who prepared it is lazy and greedy. This is the type of “sticky fish” who loves to have a ride in life at someone else’s expense.

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If a person’s pies and bread turn out either overbaked or underbaked, this indicates his inability to think logically. In Rus' they did not like such housewives. They said that they attract trouble to the home and their children.

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If the dough products are constantly not fluffy, this indicates that there is evil spirits in the house, and one of the household members has “the devil in his soul,” that is, someone has absorbed large number negative energy.

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Overly neat and beautiful pies, oddly enough, they indicate the difficult fate of the mistress. Despite its beautiful appearance, the surface of the cake is usually uneven and has many empty cavities. They say such “subcutaneous holes” about “holes” in the aura of the hostess. Through these holes all the luck and well-being of this person goes away. Very often, people born in a cursed year have such products. It is difficult for such people to live far from relatives and the place where they were born.

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Different in size and not too similar in shape to each other, but tasty and fluffy pies speak of an interesting creative nature and often indicate a strong intellect.

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Excessively pretentious shape of the product but good taste speaks of a nature that does not know how to draw conclusions and foresee the course of events. Such a person is so preoccupied with trifles that he does not notice the forest for the trees.

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If your bread keeps cracking while baking- this is a very bad sign, a harbinger of the violent death of someone close to the baker. For the “author” of the product, this sign usually indicates severe trials and drastic changes in his fate.

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Constantly burning bread according to popular belief, it is evidence of a vindictive and grumpy character. Such a person will suffer in life solely because of himself. If he can change his attitude towards life, his fate will change.

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Very crumbly bread indicates that a person will have many changes in his life. He will part with many friends and acquaintances, his social circle will be unstable.

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These are signs that allow you to learn something about the life and fate of the person who bakes bread.

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Signs that allow you to predict the life of an entire family over a certain period of time based on bread

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If you bake bread on the very first evening you move into new place, then the appearance of a bun without filling will tell you better than any oracle what to expect from life in your new home. Predict your life on New Year may have the same shape and taste as a bun baked the night before Christmas.

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If on the day of the brownie's name day, February 10, you bake a bun without filling- its appearance will predict what awaits you and your family in the house throughout the year.

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The best omen is considered tasty, fluffy, crumbly bread, obtained in a beautiful round shape, without sharp bulges and depressions. This form indicates that good health, prosperity, understanding and support of loved ones await you. This form also suggests that you can achieve a lot in life, relying on the help and support of people close to you. The only thing this bread warns against is that you shouldn’t change your life.

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The same bread, but not very even in shape, consisting as if of separate peaks, speaks of a lack of harmony in the family, loss of contacts with family and friends. Everyone in your house, as they say, “pulls the blanket over themselves.” This also indicates that the forecast period will be turbulent. Both in business and in money there will be “sometimes empty, sometimes thick,” and you should be mentally prepared for this. Next to you there will be many strong, but internally lonely natures, whose life path will tell you how best to act in a given situation.

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Sometimes a drawing on bread allows you to clarify the general prediction

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For example, if the shape resembles a bird or a bird's head- wait for important news and don’t get lost in a situation where you can rise to the top.

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Shaped like a bird's feather- troubles with documents (sometimes a harbinger of receiving an inheritance).

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Snake- a lying friend who interferes with your happiness.

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Hare- interference of otherworldly forces in your life.

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Cat - look for happiness at home.

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Cow - work hard and get wealth and health.

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Dog- help from a friend.

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Bear- don’t be afraid of obstacles, go straight to the goal.

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Cracked bread speaks of unpleasant future events. Your family will split, you will lose many friends and loved ones. This form does not usually indicate the death of someone. To draw a conclusion about this sad event, the bread must not just crack, but, as it were, break into several parts during the baking process. In this case, one of the parts should be noticeably smaller than the others, dry out and even burn slightly.

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If the bread itself, despite the cracks, is fluffy and tasty, you will have enough health and strength to overcome the crisis. In addition, good financial condition awaits you.

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If the bread is cracked and part of it is baked in such a way that it forms a small separate bun, - wait for a new addition to the family. It will establish new rhythms of life, often better than the existing ones.

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Dry bread is considered a very bad omen. O indicates poor health and financial losses. Learn to be economical, “dry the crackers long before the event.” Know how to sometimes come to terms with fate without wasting your strength in pursuit of the impossible.

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Burnt bread predicts bitter moments and thoughts, tears and melancholy that will visit the fortuneteller during this period. However, if the bread is still tasty and fluffy, this will not prevent you from achieving material success and forgetting melancholy in moments of joy and fun. Try to be in the company of friends more often - this will give you additional strength.

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If the bread is fluffy but tasteless- It's time to take care of your own appearance and health. The time has come to solve your problems without interfering in other people's lives. Be where you want. Meet those to whom your heart lies, and you will soon notice how others will pay much more attention to you.

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But whatever the prediction, the Russian people always left themselves a loophole to correct the future.

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One such example was the appeasement of the brownie, so that he would appease the villainous fate and, with the help of his domestic charms, smooth out the difficult period. That is why they gave bread, which was used to tell fortunes to the brownie.

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SIGNS ABOUT BREAD

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If bread is cut unevenly, a person’s life will be just as uneven and difficult.

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When placing bread in the oven, you should raise the hem and say: “Rise higher,” so that the bread turns out good.

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After sunset you cannot start a new loaf - it means poverty.

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To avoid inviting disaster, never turn a loaf of bread upside down.

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To avoid hunger and crop failure and, as a result, poverty, eat bread with great care, so that not a single crumb or speck falls on the floor.

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If during the meal, without finishing your piece of bread, you start eating a new one, it means that one of your loved ones is suffering from need and hunger.

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During lunch, a piece of bread fell - the guest is in a hurry.

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If you left half-eaten pieces of your slice on the table after dinner, then you are leaving your happiness.

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To prevent bread from becoming moldy, you should not put a half-eaten piece on the table.

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In general, in Rus' it is not customary to throw away bread - it is considered a great sin, and the punishment for sin can be hunger, poverty, and illness. However, sometimes it happens that bread becomes moldy, so what should you do in such a case to avoid sin? It turns out that a person who eats moldy bread will never drown, so don’t be afraid, eat any bread - and luck will always be on your side.

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In Rus', bread has always occupied a special position and was considered the main product in any family, wealthy or with modest income. It was baked carefully and carefully, so the sign that the bread fell on the floor was perceived negatively not only from a mystical point of view, but also from a rational position - each piece was obtained with difficulty.

Famous superstitions about bread

For a long time, bread was the head of everything; it was placed in a place of honor on the table on weekdays and on holidays. It was also often used in religious rites in various countries, which indicated its sacred origin, the same applied to grain.

People believed that this product was so nutritious that you could get enough of it even with just one crumb. Hence, any disdainful attitude towards it was considered as an insult, and grain was a serious disaster, which was interpreted as punishment for sins.

This gave impetus to the emergence of all kinds of superstitions. Folk signs about bread are classified depending on a number of circumstances:

• if during a magnificent celebration a piece ends up on the floor, then important guests will arrive soon, and if this happens during a regular meal, then you should be prepared for a visit that will bring negativity with them;
• crumbs woke up - they will arise financial problems, you will have to spend a lot of money, also such signs indicated a possible crop failure or a lot of money will be spent on treating a loved one whose illness occurs unexpectedly;
• if a loaf falls to the floor, then a person will soon come with bad news, or another version is expected - the bread will not be harvested;
• half a loaf falling during a family meal also indicates negative news from an imminent visitor.

Beliefs associated with a wedding loaf

Wedding - entry into new life, which must be accompanied by one of which is the wedding loaf. The tradition of welcoming newlyweds to them has been around for a long time, and it is still popular today. Whoever breaks off or bites off the largest piece will be the head of the family. They always tried to keep the loaf intact as a symbol of the unity of a young family, so the signs about its fall carry a negative characteristic:

• the loaf fell to the floor or ground entirely through the fault of the young couple - the couple will constantly conflict, which will lead to divorce;
• a spouse who drops a piece of loaf will be forced to obey his more domineering other half.

Many signs about bread falling on the floor have negative value, but don’t take them all seriously. Many in life have to struggle to get a piece of bread, so excessive worries about its fall will only aggravate the situation; it is better to just be careful.

In the old days, when going into the field to work or to travel around the world, people always took a loaf of bread with them. In difficult times for the country, when the population received bread on ration cards- people were kind to even the crumbs, and sometimes saved others from starvation, sharing with them an already modest share...

“If there is bread, there will be lunch”, “if there is bread, and there will be people around the bread”, “if you want to eat, you will talk about bread”, “if there is a land of bread, there will be paradise under the fir tree”, “lunch is bad if there is no bread” - These are just some of the many proverbs about bread. Isn't this evidence that bread is and has been revered at all times?

From the very early childhood Our parents teach us to treat bread with respect. “Don’t throw the bread on the floor”, “don’t play with the bread” - isn’t it true, each of us heard such instructions even before we learned to speak? We ourselves have firmly internalized these rules and now we teach our children the same. However, in addition to the simplest rules, the meaning of which we understand clearly and do not even try to read between the lines, there are a lot of signs and superstitions, the meaning of which remains a mystery to many people. This is the topic that today’s article is devoted to.

If, while eating, you grabbed a new piece of bread, and then discovered that there was an uneaten piece left on your plate, it means that someone close to you at the moment feels hungry (or is in need).

If during a festive lunch (dinner) a piece of bread falls from the table, someone is in a hurry to visit you. If the bread falls on weekdays (an ordinary lunch), it means an unnecessary person is rushing into your house.

If you leave bread crumbs on overnight dining table- diseases will come to the house.

Cutting bread carelessly means trouble, a hard life (an uneven cut means an equally uneven life).

Starting a new loaf after sunset means a poor life.

Eating carelessly, dropping bread crumbs on the floor - means crop failure and poverty.

Putting a loaf on the table with the bottom up means closing the doors of your house for joy and good luck (upside down bread is a symbol of misfortune; everything in the house will turn upside down).

Leaving your piece of bread uneaten means leaving your happiness (if someone else ate it, they took yours for themselves). Another version is for disturbing, bad dreams.

Throwing bread in the trash means inviting poverty, hunger, and disease upon yourself.

Pricking bread with a fork (for a girl) means depriving yourself of happiness.

Eating moldy bread means protecting yourself from death in water.

Allowing someone to eat bread behind your back is allowing this person to take your strength.

Lending bread to someone at sunset means debt.

If during baking a part of the loaf separates and “goes” to the side, one of your relatives will have to travel.

If the loaf breaks during cutting, it means a quarrel between husband and wife.

Sharing bread with those in need, even if it is the last piece, leads to prosperity in the home and a rich life.

Starting and ending a meal with a piece of bread and salt means a happy life.

If you are greeted with freshly baked bread, this promises you wealth.

If, when cutting a loaf, the crumb sticks to the knife blade, next summer will bring with it a rich harvest. According to another version, the rainy weather will last a long time.

This is interesting…

How bread was used as a talisman:

Bread was often placed in the baby's cradle.

They took it with them when they went on a journey so that it would protect them from troubles.

They placed it where the body of the deceased lay, so that bread would triumph over death, and the deceased would not take fertility with him.

They were taken out of the house to the street when a thunderstorm was approaching in order to protect the crops from severe adversity.

When a fire started, they went around the house with bread to stop the fire.

This is interesting: in the fishing villages of Northern England, it was forbidden to turn a loaf of bread upside down (bottom up). It was believed that every time someone does this, one ship capsizes in the sea.

I would like to mention one more sign. Certainly, Easter cake- this is not exactly bread, but still...

It is believed that if a depression (deepening) has formed on the Easter cake, this foreshadows the death of one of the family members. The omen is gloomy and, on the one hand, unsuccessful baking can be explained by “hands growing from the wrong place”, “stale yeast”, “untested recipe”, etc. But, on the other hand, when you cook from year to year Easter cakes according to one recipe, you are careful about the choice of products, compliance with proportions, as well as cooking technology - and suddenly, for no reason at all - all the Easter cakes turned out “with pits”, this cannot but alert you. I didn’t even know about this sign when two years ago I took a whole baking sheet of failed Easter cakes out of the oven. That same year we lost our grandmother. And later I learned about this sign.

Let's look at specific example, how can you explain the signs and superstitions associated with bread:

Don't brush bread crumbs off the table with your bare hand.

If an unmarried girl brushes crumbs off the table with her palm, she risks living alone all her life and not knowing what it is to be a mother. For a married girl, sweeping up crumbs means ruining her relationship with her mother-in-law. If a man shakes off the crumbs with his hand, his wife will be bald. And in general, shaking bread crumbs off the table with your hand means quarrels in the house and lack of money.

Where do the legs of these signs come from? One of the most logical versions is related to the attitude towards bread as a shrine. It is simply sinful to shake crumbs of bread onto the floor, while many people in the world are dying of hunger or living in poverty, feeding from garbage cans. Bread symbolizes prosperity in the house and, sweeping the leftovers off the table with an open hand, we thereby shake off wealth and all the good things we have into the void (we simply get rid of it). Another reasonable explanation: for many people, the gesture with which crumbs are swept away is associated with the gesture of beggars, and a subconscious fear arises that by doing this, you are trying on the role of a beggar, dooming yourself to a miserable existence. You can also draw another parallel: if bread crumbs can be shaken off the surface of the table with your hand, it means that it is smooth, that is, without a tablecloth (for many people, both in past times and now, a tablecloth on the table is associated with prosperity in the house, and its absence indicates the opposite).

Of course, there are signs and superstitions that seem very ridiculous and even funny to us today. In particular, the superstition “if a man sweeps crumbs from the table with his bare hand, he will have a bald wife.” But not all signs and superstitions can be explained logically. And how to treat them is a personal matter for everyone. It is likely that with the help of such horror stories they simply intimidated people who were not affected by other signs (“there will be no money”, “causing discord in the family”). Some men stubbornly continued to shake the crumbs onto the floor - and an attempt was made to intimidate them in another way. This attempt later developed into another superstition. Or maybe the corresponding conclusion is based on someone’s real experience and observations. Although, it is quite difficult to imagine that in some families where men swept crumbs from the table with an open palm and in fact there were bald spouses.

This is interesting….

Why do you dream about bread?

According to Freud's dream book: the one who eats bread in his dreams - in real life I missed normal human relationships (tired of endless non-binding meetings). Seeing fresh warm bread in a dream portends a meeting with an energetic person who takes life lightly; stale bread symbolizes a long-standing relationship that has outlived its usefulness and has become of no interest to you.

According to Miller’s dream book: for a woman to eat bread in a dream, in real life she promises to face sorrows and worries. Sharing bread with someone means that you are well off in real life, and you shouldn’t expect more from fate. Seeing a lot of dry bread in a dream foretells suffering and a poor life. eat bread from rye flour- a sign of a friendly, hospitable home. Seeing a crust of bread in your hands in a dream is a warning that it will be very difficult for you to cope with future troubles due to neglect of your responsibilities.

According to Vanga’s dream book: seeing bread in a dream means a comfortable life and making a profit. Eating bread means that without much effort, benefits will be obtained in some matter. Slicing bread means obstacles in business and temporary difficulties.

According to the Vedic dream book: eating good bread in a dream means longevity and good health, eating black (burnt) bread means a funeral.

According to the gypsy dream book: seeing someone hand you a loaf means the birth of a child. Slice bread - share good luck with others. Eating fresh bread means having good friends, stale bread means a possible illness.

According to the wanderer’s dream book: dreams of bread mean prosperity in the house, good prospects in business.

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At all times and among all peoples, bread was the most revered product and was treated with care. He was always placed at the head of the table, thereby showing highest degree respect. Our ancestors said: “Bread is the head of everything.” Not a single meal was complete without this product, no matter whether it was a modest family dinner or a rich, noisy feast.

There are many folk superstitions about bread. This is centuries-old wisdom that has survived to this day and does not lose its relevance.

Household beliefs

There are several signs that will tell you how to cut bread correctly to avoid misfortune:

• You need to start cutting only from a high edge - there will be prosperity in the house.
• You can’t cut by weight - to poverty, need.
• You should not cut it with different knives during a feast - a quarrel cannot be avoided. If the knife is taken away, it is better to simply break the bread with your hands.
• Do not cut a new loaf after sunset - otherwise the family will live in poverty.
• After cutting off a piece, it is forbidden to leave the knife stuck in the loaf - you will starve.

It would seem that the signs about bread are quite simple. But if we believe our ancestors, they played a huge role. And failure to comply with these rules and traditions could result in trouble for a person.

We all drop something from time to time, and it's no big deal. But if the bread fell on the floor, this can be regarded as a kind of warning. In this case, you need to take into account the situation when everything happened.

1. During a feast, a piece falls - there will be a welcome guest in the house.

2. During a simple lunch or dinner, the appearance of a visitor will not bring joy.

3. Bread falls from the table to the floor - someone is in a hurry to get to you.

4. If you drop a whole loaf or loaf, the year will be lean.

There are many signs associated with bread - they accumulated and were supplemented, passed on from generation to generation:

• You cannot sweep crumbs off the table with your hand - there will be need in the house.
• Do not leave half-eaten pieces of bread on the table - otherwise you will lose your happiness.
• You cannot throw away stale, moldy pieces - this will lead to poverty and illness. The best thing to do would be to feed them to the birds.
• If you eat a moldy piece, a person will not die in the water.
• You can’t eat bread standing behind a person’s back—you’ll take away his strength and health.
• It is forbidden to turn the bread over - this will lead to trouble.
• Do not place a started loaf with the cut side up against the wall - your friends and relatives will turn away from you.
• You can’t pass it across the threshold - life will be such that no one will envy.
• Don’t lend to anyone after sunset - give away happiness from home.
• You cannot refuse it to someone in need - be sure to give it, even if it is the last piece in your house. Then you will live in goodness and prosperity.

Wedding traditions

The wedding loaf is a symbol. Parents meet the newlyweds with him, wishing them well-being and prosperity. The loaf of bread at weddings was always treated with special respect. It is believed that only a woman who is happily married should bake it, so that she can share her happiness with the newlyweds. Under no circumstances should you bake a loaf of bread in a bad mood or feeling unwell - this could ruin the life of those who eat it. And the bread itself will turn out tasteless.

Before starting to knead the dough for the loaf, as well as during its preparation, special prayers were read. Even the patterns decorating the wedding loaf had meaning. For example, a traditional viburnum branch symbolizes love, an ear of wheat symbolizes prosperity, and oak leaves symbolize health. If the loaf was burnt or slightly cracked, it was considered a bad omen: the family would not be very friendly, scandals and misunderstandings were possible.

A careful and respectful attitude towards such an important product will help to avoid many troubles. Even if you don’t believe folk superstitions, you shouldn’t treat this product carelessly - after all, superstitions about bread didn’t just arise, each of them has a basis.