Over the past two decades, the geography of copper mining and production has changed significantly. Traditional mining sites, the so-called “old copper mining regions” (Zaire, Zambia, Papua New Guinea), where industrial reserves are severely depleted and their further development is relatively expensive and overall production is experiencing a significant decline, have been replaced by new regional producers, primarily from South American continent, Oceania and Australia. In addition, the discovery of new large deposits led to an investment boom in the industry and pushed its intensive development. A number of major investment projects in new open-pit mines in Chile and Indonesia have made these countries the leading producers of copper ore. In the last few years, Chile has overtaken and gone far ahead of the United States, which previously occupied first place in copper ore production. Indonesia has broken into the top ten copper ore producers thanks to investment in just one mine, Grasberg, in Irian Jaya province.

Since the copper content of the ore is low, averaging between 0.3 and 1%, transporting copper ore is not cost effective. This is the reason that copper processing cycles from ore mining to concentrate production are usually geographically linked and localized in areas where copper ores occur. At the same time, concentrate and blister copper can be transported. In addition, to obtain refined copper, significant energy costs are required. The consequence of this is that only in recent decades have the largest copper ore producing countries begun to increase the share of refined copper in their total output. However, this process is still extremely slow. For example, Chile only refines 60% of its copper. Mexico, Indonesia and Peru are in a similar position and cannot refine all the copper they produce.

World copper production

Copper is one of the most common metals for use in various industries. Thanks to your unique properties it found its application at the dawn of human civilization and has been helping humanity develop for more than a millennium. At the same time, being a non-renewable natural resource, copper can become one of the scarce materials in the coming decades. In terms of its abundance in the earth's crust, copper ranks 25th. As of today, reliable recoverable copper reserves, that is, reserves the development of which is possible with the current level of development of technology and technology and taking into account the economic profitability of production, amount to only 340 million tons. In the absence of an increase in reserves and improvement in copper mining and production technology, Recoverable reserves will only last until 2040.

Due to its properties, including ductility, corrosion resistance, electrical conductivity, high aesthetic properties and the relatively low cost of production and extraction of copper, it can be used in various industries, from medicine to electronics. The detailed percentage distribution of copper usage is shown in the figure:

The intensity of use of most metals - that is, the consumption of metal depending on the rate economic growth economy - an individual indicator for each specific country. However, general patterns can be traced here: the initially low coefficient of use of metals in non-industrial economies is based on the current use of metal within the country with an insignificant export orientation; with intensification of economic development, an increase in the coefficient of metal use begins - because intensive stage of growth as countries begin to industrialize, then metal utilization rate slows down and reaches a saturation stage equivalent to the level of economic development when economies reach a mature stage of development (level of industrialized countries). At subsequent stages, if metal consumption increases, it occurs only in correlation with the rate of economic growth, rarely exceeding several percent per year.

For several decades, growth in copper consumption in the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries has been consistent with this pattern. Over a thirty year period from 1960 to 1990. The estimated growth rate of copper consumption corresponded to the average annual value of 1.5% and slightly lagged behind the growth rates of economies. Cyclical fluctuations in the markets were consistent with current energy consumption, energy costs and GDP growth within a particular country, and by most experts, by now the growth of metal use in most countries had reached the saturation point. Minor exceptions include developing countries in the Pacific region, China, some countries in South America and Africa, i.e. those countries whose economies are undergoing significant changes and develop.

As noted above, the world's largest copper producers are concentrated, as a rule, in areas where copper ores occur. In addition, following the latest trends in the markets, all major copper producers during the late 90s and early 2000 carried out active processes of consolidation and consolidation. This trend did not spare representatives of Russia either. Thus, after a number of mergers in the copper market in the country, a stable balance was formed, supported by two major players - the Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UMMC), which unites mainly European enterprises for the production and mining of copper in Russia, and MMC Norilsk Nickel, which consolidated mainly northern enterprises of the industry. Both of these companies are the largest and occupy high positions in the world ranking of copper producers.

The leaders in the industry are enterprises controlled by the Chilean state concern CODELCO. Its total output, taking into account joint projects, at the beginning of 2000 exceeded 1,500 million tons. CODELCO's closest competitor is the American company Phelps Dodge, which, thanks to the purchase of its main competitor - the Cyprus Amax company in 1998 - has practically caught up with the Chilean manufacturer.

The metallurgical crisis did not bypass the copper market. The metal price at the end of November last year reached $4,462 per ton. This is a record low since late 2008 - early 2009. At the beginning of this year, the anti-record was broken by $4,331 per ton. What happened to the market and how did this affect its main participants?

World copper market

Copper is one of the first metals mastered by man, which indicates the relative simplicity of its production. Today, the copper industry in terms of its scale ranks second among the sub-sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy after aluminum.

Copper is supplied in refined form and as a concentrate or ore for further processing. The metal is widely used for the production of end products and alloys, mainly brasses and bronzes. Due to their mechanical properties, copper and copper alloys are widely used in various industries. According to the GFMS Copper Survey, copper use by industry is as follows:

According to the same source, at the end of 2015, global production of copper ore amounted to 19,022 thousand tons. The main production facilities are concentrated in South America, which accounts for just over 41% of global production. The second place is occupied by Asian countries with a share of about 20%, and in third place is North America with a 14% share.

The leader in copper ore mining is Chile. This country produces about 30% of the world's copper. Second place, with a large lag, is occupied by China. Russia is only in seventh position.

In the production of refined copper, the situation looks somewhat different. The main volumes are concentrated in Asia, where more than 51% of the world's copper is produced. Key producing countries are China, Chile and Japan, production in which, at the end of 2015, amounted to 7,350, 2,688 and 1,467 thousand tons, respectively.

Against the backdrop of the development of the electronics industry, energy, construction and mechanical engineering over the past five years, metal production has been growing by an average of 3% per year. Demand for copper is not growing so actively: about 2.5% per year with a constant slowdown.

Thus, the metal shortage that arose in 2011 has grown into a surplus, and it has been actively growing since 2013.

This was reflected in copper prices. If in 2011 (according to the website westmetall.com) the average annual price of copper on the London Metal Exchange was $8,821 per ton, then in 2015 the average annual price was $5,502

The main reason for the decline of the global copper market was the slowdown in the Chinese economy, which led to a drop in the growth rate of demand for copper in this country. Due to the rapid development of construction, energy and mechanical engineering in the country, China is now the main consumer of copper and covers about 46% of world consumption. Therefore, the slowdown in the country's economic growth significantly affected global metal consumption and provoked the accumulation of stock exchanges.

Another significant factor is the fall in oil prices. Metal prices closely correlate with oil prices, since the cost of metal production includes a considerable amount of costs for petroleum products. Thus, the decline in demand in China and the fall in oil prices, which occurred almost simultaneously, became with a strong blow on the copper market.

Key players

The largest copper producers are usually measured by the volume of metal they produce. At the end of 2015, in the top five largest manufacturers include Chilean Codelco, American Freeport-McMoRan, Swiss raw materials supplier Glencore, as well as BHP Billiton and Southern Copper.

At the end of 2015, the production dynamics of the two largest companies corresponded to market trends, which cannot be said about Glencore and BHP Billiton, whose production indicators fell. The drop in indicators is primarily caused by the initiative of the companies themselves to combat the market downturn by reducing production. The most efficient company from this point of view was Southern Copper, which increased production by 12% compared to 2014 results.

Despite the growth in production, financial indicators leave much to be desired. The revenue of all companies decreased significantly in 2015 due to extremely low product prices. The largest decrease in revenue, by almost 26%, was shown by Freeport-McMoRan. In second place is Glencore, whose revenue in the copper division decreased by 19%, and the company's total result fell by 23%. Codelco and Southern Copper experienced the most persistent price declines, with revenues falling by 15.5% and 13%, respectively.

Financial results, million US dollars	Revenue		Net profit
	2014	2015	2014	2015
Codelco	13 827	11 693	711	-2 328
Freeport-McMoRan	21 438	15 877	-745	-12 089
Glencore	221 073	170 497	2 444	-8 114
Southern Copper	5 788	5 046	1 333	736

The dynamics of net profit follows the dynamics of revenue, so all companies except Southern Copper received a significant loss at the end of 2015. The reason is a decrease in company revenues and sales profitability due to low prices for copper. Today, the smallest company, Southern Copper, appears to be the most resistant to market fluctuations among the global industry leaders.

Profitability	ROS(VP)		ROS(OP)		ROS(PE)
	2014	2015	2014	2015	2014	2015
Codelco	26,87%	15,19%	12,80%	-4,38%	5,14%	-19,91%
Freeport-McMoRan	26,45%	3,13%	0,45%	-84,29%	-3,48%	-76,14%
Glencore	3,04%	2,06%	2,45%	1,32%	1,11%	-4,76%
Southern Copper	50,92%	41,98%	38,58%	28,03%	23,03%	14,59%

Let's look at companies from a market point of view. Since Codelco is a national corporation and is not publicly traded, let's take only Freeport-McMoRan, Glencore and Southern Copper.

The most valuable company is Glencore, which is not surprising given its scale and diversification of assets and products. Southern Copper is second, and Freeport-McMoRan is third. The dynamics show that the fall had a negative impact on the market capitalization of all companies. Biggest drop Glencore showed.

Based on market multiples, Freeport-McMoRan looks the most attractive in this comparison, given its lowest P/S ratio. However, she is the only one among those presented who has not made a profit for the second year. From this point of view, Southern Copper behaves most confidently. If we approach the issue from the point of view of the dynamics of indicators, we see that for all manufacturers the P/S and P/E ratios have quite high values ​​and change for the worse.

	P/S		P/E
	31.12.14	31.12.15	31.12.14	31.12.15
Freeport-McMoRan	1,44	1,94	-	-
Glencore	30,47	11,26	2756,33	-
Southern Copper	3,78	4,33	16,39	29,67

Russian manufacturers

The largest players in the Russian copper market are PJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel, the holding company Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company (UMMC) and the Russian Copper Company. UMMC and Russian Copper Company are not public companies, so let’s look at Norilsk Nickel against the backdrop of the leaders in global copper production.

Norilsk Nickel is the largest copper producer in the country, but the company's production scale is much lower than that of world leaders. In 2015, Norilsk Nickel produced 369.967 thousand tons of copper, which corresponds to the level of the previous period. The company's revenue from the sale of copper decreased from $2,536 million in 2014 to $1,916 million in 2015. This indicates a direct dependence of the products sold on world prices.

The company's total revenue compared to 2014, like the companies discussed earlier, showed a negative trend. Norilsk Nickel's net profit did not react strongly to the decline in revenue, primarily due to a decrease in losses from exchange rate differences.

The strengthening of the US dollar against the ruble also played a role, which contributed to the growth of the company’s sales profitability, while this figure was getting worse for world leaders.

ROS (VP)		ROS (OP)		ROS (PE)
2014	2015	2014	2015	2014	2015
52,19%	55,85%	39,99%	41,04%	16,85%	20,09%

As for market capitalization, in dollar terms it decreased in 2015, as did the companies discussed earlier. But ruble capitalization increased due to the impact of the depreciation of the domestic currency on the company’s activities.

Market ratios are showing negative dynamics. P/S and P/E increase while revenue and net profit decrease. However, in the case of Norilsk Nickel, the situation looks more favorable than that of the largest copper producers.

P/S		P/E
31.12.14	31.12.15	31.12.14	31.12.15
1,91	2,33	11,36	11,58

Industry development prospects

The sharp decline in the growth rate of copper demand in China has affected global producers. In this regard, it is expected that copper companies' forecasts regarding demand for their products will be more pessimistic and production growth rates will begin to gradually slow down. In the long term, a decline in the number of new projects and a deterioration in ore quality is expected, which will contribute to a significant slowdown in production growth. According to forecasts of the largest banks and copper market analysis agencies, the growth rate of demand for the metal, both in the short and long term, will remain at the same level. As a result, the oversupply of metal on the market is expected to dwindle, and metal prices are projected to rise from 2016.

Image: photospilka.com

Among non-ferrous metals in terms of consumption, copper is in second place, second only to aluminum. Possessing high corrosion resistance, thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as easy deformability, it is used primarily in the form of electrolytic copper and electrical conductor. A significant amount of copper is used in the form of alloys. A wide range of applications determines stable demand in the global market. Moreover, with a slight reduction in the use of copper in some industries, the areas of its consumption are expanding, for example, in the manufacture of electric vehicles, heat pumps, desalination devices, etc.

Copper ore mining. The largest reserves of copper ore are concentrated in America (Chile, Peru, USA, Mexico, Canada), Australia, China, Poland, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Zambia.

However, back in the first half of the 19th century. England occupied a leading position in the copper mining industry (50% of world production). But its share in global production began to fall rapidly, not only because of the depletion of reserves and the abolition of import duties on imported copper ore. Already in the second half of the 19th century. New states appeared that began to develop large copper deposits (Chile, USA, Peru). And the center of ore mining gradually moved from Europe to America.

Major changes in the geography of copper mining also occurred in the middle of the 20th century, when, thanks to the development of rich deposits in Central Africa, Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) and the Belgian Congo (Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) were included in the number of mining countries. Copper ore mining in Chile continued to grow. The share of European countries, although their production has also increased slightly, in global copper production has been constantly decreasing.

On the eve of the First World War, the total copper production (in terms of metal content) was about 1 million tons, before the Second World War it already exceeded 2 million tons (in terms of metal content in ore), in 1970 - 6.5, and in 2007. - 15 million tons. For many decades, the leading position in the industry was occupied by the USA (1900-1913 - about 60%, 1937 - 34, 1950 - 32, 1970 - 24%). In the 1950s-1960s. There was a further expansion of production in Northern Rhodesia and the Belgian Congo, as well as in Canada, where new deposits were developed. Northern Rhodesia came in second place in the world, even ahead of Chile, and in total African countries produced more copper than the United States (although in 1960 they were still the leader in world production).

In the non-ferrous metallurgy of the USA, as in other countries Western Europe, there was a shift towards the use of low-grade ores (0.8-1.0% copper in ore), since as a result of intensive exploitation of the richest areas of copper ore deposits, the average copper content in mined ores systematically decreased. This led to changes in mining placement

within countries, as well as to some increase in the cost of a unit of production. The use of poorer ores would not have been possible without the progress of processing technology and without the use of complex methods for their use in the conditions of scientific and technological revolution (for example, copper-molybdenum ores in the USA and Chile and copper-nickel ores in Canada). There was a tendency towards greater use of cheap (metal-poor) ores from deposits controlled by American capital in other countries of the world. Thus, the average copper content in the ores of the Congo was 6.4%, in Northern Rhodesia - 3.6-3.8%, and wages workers in African mines was tens of times lower than in developed Western countries.

In 1970, 6.5 million tons of copper ore were mined in the world and the leaders in the industry were the USA (24%), USSR (14%), Zambia (13), Chile (11), Canada (9%). At the same time, the total share of the three American states of the USA, Chile and Canada was 44%. In the 1980-1990s. The share of Latin American countries (especially Chile), as well as Asian countries, continued to increase. At the same time, the share of Eastern European countries decreased (although not very significantly), and the share of African countries in this industry quickly decreased.

By the beginning of XXI. V. World copper production exceeded 13 million tons, and again some changes in the location of enterprises mining ore and producing concentrates should be characterized. The leaders in global copper ore production are Chile and the USA. And the share of three American states (Chile, USA, Canada) exceeded 50% of global production. At the same time, the share of African copper producers in Zambia and the DRC has fallen by half compared to the 1980s. It should be noted that Indonesia, Australia, and China have emerged as major copper producers (Table 7.25).

Table 7.25

Copper mining (by metal content in ore)

in leading countries, million tons

						Australia
Yugoslavia

End of table. 7.25

total
Share of 10 leading countries in world production, %

Copper ores and their concentrates are much poorer in metal than aluminum ores. This makes it necessary to link ore beneficiation and even the production of blister copper to the ore mining sites. Copper production by leaching and selective extraction is growing. Considering investment policy in the global copper mining industry at the end of the 20th century, two main directions can be distinguished.

Firstly, the development and development of unique, rich deposits takes place. Thus, in 1988, a new copper plant, Neves Corvo, was put into operation in Portugal with a design capacity of 400 thousand tons of concentrate per year with 25% copper content (the average copper content in the mined ores is 0.9%, and at this mine - 7.7%). In 1991, the Escondida plant was put into operation in Chile. Ore reserves there are mined by open-pit mining, and the plant receives ore with a copper content of 2.8%, and the annual production of copper in concentrates is more than 300 tons.

Secondly, a method is used for leaching low-grade copper ores (with a copper content of 0.15-0.5%) mainly from dumps. It has found the greatest application in areas where copper mining has been going on for many years (for example, in the USA up to 25% of copper is mined in this way). The cost of producing refined copper using this method is half that of the conventional scheme of mining, beneficiation and pyrometallurgical processing.

Smelting of blister copper. Copper has been known to mankind since time immemorial. However, industrial scale smelting

learned copper only from late XIX V. There still remains a territorial gap between the production and consumption of copper smelting products. So, even in the 1990s. the ratio of economically developed and developing countries of the foreign world in copper ore reserves was approximately 30: 70, in the production of copper concentrates - 40: 60, blister copper - 55: 45, refined copper - 66: 34, and in the consumption of refined copper this ratio was 85 : 15.

Most of the world's blister copper smelting (more than 12.5 million tons, 2010) is concentrated where it is mined. This is explained by the relatively low unit costs of fuel at copper smelters, as well as the relatively low copper content not only in its ores, but also in concentrates (15-25%). For these reasons, more copper enters the world market in the form of metal (blister or refined copper) than in the form of concentrates.

In 1950, almost all of the world's blister copper production was concentrated in just 10 countries: the USA, Chile, Zambia, Canada, Zaire, Great Britain, the USSR, Germany, Mexico, Yugoslavia.

Currently, the world leaders in blister copper smelting are: China (20%), Chile, Japan, India, Russia, USA, Republic of Korea, Poland, Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan.

Smelting of refined copper. Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little to do with raw materials. It was and is being carried out now either where there is metallurgical processing at specialized enterprises, which is combined with the smelting of crude metal, or in areas of mass consumption of finished products. At the same time, there is a group of countries that carry out large volumes of both copper mining and the production of rough and refined copper: the USA, Chile, Canada, Australia, Zambia. Smelting is also growing in developing countries (Peru, Republic of Korea, Mexico). Quite a significant amount of refined copper is produced in developed countries that do not have their own raw material base (Japan, Belgium, Germany).

The production of refined copper (primary and secondary in total) in the world exceeded 17 million tons by 2013. The top three countries account for about 70% of the smelting. The leading positions are occupied by: China, Chile, USA, Japan, Germany, Canada, Russia (Table 7.26). According to the forecast, the production of refined copper in the world will continue to grow.

Table 7.26

Production of refined copper in leading countries, million tons

United Kingdom
						Republic of Korea
Australia		United Kingdom				Australia
total
Share of top 10 countries in world production, %

International trade in industry products. Consumption of refined copper is mainly concentrated in countries with a high level of industrial development (with a developed and diverse electrical industry: China, the USA, Japan, Germany, the Republic of Korea, Italy, Taiwan, which are the largest consumers of copper). The G7 countries alone account for about 70% of global copper consumption. Demand for copper on the global market is generally at a high level. Among the major consumers of refined copper in recent years A group of Asian states came forward, as well as South Africa and Latin American countries - Brazil and Mexico.

Japan and Germany are recognized as the largest importers of copper ore raw materials. Most developed countries import primarily blister copper, such as Belgium from its former African colony (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo), or import refined copper. Thus, on the world market already in the late 1990s. exports of refined copper accounted for more than 50% of production, including almost 1 million tons of refined copper exported from the CIS countries.

Largest exporters refined copper - Chile, Russia, Peru, Kazakhstan, Japan, Canada, Australia, Zambia, Poland. Copper exporting countries created the CIPEC association in 1967, which included Chile, Peru, Zambia and Zaire, which tried to protect their interests in the world trade in copper ore raw materials. Later, Indonesia, Australia, Mauritania, Papua New Guinea, and Yugoslavia joined this group of countries. The share of these countries in ore mining and blister copper production is very significant, but in consumption it is still small.

Russia, like Kazakhstan, is now one of the largest suppliers of copper to the world market. The costs of its production in our country are significantly lower than the world level; export is beneficial for both manufacturers and the state. But the main reason remains the decrease in copper consumption in our country in the 1990s, due to the general decline in industrial production.

Largest importers refined copper - USA, France, o. Taiwan, Germany, Italy, Republic of Korea, Great Britain, Japan.

In the copper industry (as in many other sectors of non-ferrous metallurgy), key positions belong to the largest TNCs.

(a. copper industry; n. Kupferindustrie; f. industry du cuivre; And. industria de cobre) is a sub-sector of non-ferrous metallurgy, uniting enterprises for the extraction and processing of ores and copper production. In terms of volume of consumption, copper ranks 2nd in the world among non-ferrous metals (after aluminum). Basic a number of copper ores are mined during the development of deposits of copper-porphyry type, copper-nickel, copper-pyrite and cuprous sandstones and shales; Skarn and quartz-sulfide deposits are of lesser importance.
Copper ores contain, in addition to copper, iron, zinc, lead, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, precious metals, cepy, tellurium, selenium, cadmium, germanium, rhenium, gallium and other elements. Therefore, when producing copper, they receive another approx. 20 valuable elements and St. 40 types of commercial products: copper, zinc, molybdenum and lead concentrates, flotation sulfur pyrites, crude and refined copper, gold, silver, platinum, lead, cadmium, bismuth, sulfuric acid, elemental sulfur, molybdenum, rare metals, copper and nickel sulfate, copper powder, etc.
Copper is one of the first metals of human civilization. The oldest copper objects and pieces of ore were discovered in early agriculture. settlements of Western Asia (4th millennium BC). Copper alloys were the main material for the production of tools and weapons in the Bronze Age (late 4th - early 1st millennium BC). The oldest bronze tools found in South. Iran, Turkey and Mesopotamia, date back to the 4th millennium BC. Later they spread to Egypt (from the end of the 4th millennium BC), India (from the end of the 3rd millennium BC), China (from the end of the 2nd millennium BC). BC) and in Europe (from the 2nd millennium BC).
M. p. in Russia arose in the beginning. 17th century In 1630-53 the Pyskorsky and Kazansky factories were built. B beginning 18th century Russia smelted approximately 3 thousand tons of copper annually (20% of global production), and by the end. 18th century - 6.2 thousand tons. Low tech. the level of production led to stagnation and decline of the M. p. in the economy. 18th century The smelting was carried out in shaft furnaces with a large consumption of charcoal (up to 40% of the entire smelted charge), and that means. metal losses (approx. 50% of the copper content in the ore). In 1908-12, in connection with the transition to pyrite smelting of sulphurous copper pyrites, there was an increase in the production rate. In 1914-16, the largest copper smelting plants were located in the Urals: Karabashsky (annual capacity over 7 thousand tons), Bogoslovsky (over 7 thousand tons). 3 thousand tons), Kalatinsky (approx. 2 thousand tons). The remaining plants were small handicraft industries with a total smelting output of approx. 4 thousand tons per year. 75% of copper mining enterprises were pre-revolutionary. Russia was in the hands of foreigners. concessionaires.
Bo during the 1st World War 1914-18 and Civil War 1918-20 copper mining enterprises were completely destroyed. In 1922, the first copper smelting plant was launched - Kalatinsky (now Kirovgrad). By 1928, the copper mines and factories of the Urals were restored and partially reconstructed. During the years of the pre-war five-year plans (1929-40), the Krasnouralsk, Sredneuralsk and Balkhash copper smelting plants, the Mednogorsk copper-sulfur plant and the copper electrolyte plant in Pyshma came into operation. The CCCP MP achieved great success in the first years of the 3rd Five-Year Plan (1938-40). By 1940 CCCP took one of the leading places in the world in copper production. Bo during the Great Patriotic War. war 1941-45 M. p. was mainly concentrated in the Urals.
B 1946-60 along with the expansion and reconstruction of old industrial facilities. centers in the Urals, Kazakhstan and Transcaucasia, new complexes were created with a high level of production technology in Cp. Asia, Siberia, Kazakhstan, the Caucasus and South. Urals, which allowed CCCP to become one of the leading copper producing countries.
All mining and processed M. p. enterprises are equipped with modern technology and advanced technology. The most common are open source developments. When extracting ores, transport is used. development system. In mines, modifications of mining systems with an open clearing space and sub-level and floor caving systems are used. In order to reduce ore losses, mining systems are being introduced to fill the mined-out space with hardening mixtures. During the development of copper-nickel deposits, mechanization was developed. a variant of the development system in horizontal layers with a backfill. Ha will prepare. works use highly productive. drilling and loading complexes of self-propelled equipment. Basic the volume of drilling is carried out by drilling machines equipped with manipulators; When drilling large-diameter wells, drilling rigs with down-the-hole pneumatic hammers are used.
Enrichment of copper ores is by flotation; additional grinding of coarse concentrates is common. The introduction of progressive collective-selective enrichment schemes during the processing of complex copper-containing ores ensures the selective isolation of high-quality materials. concentrates and high degree metal extraction. Most copper-nickel will enrich. The factory works using collective flotation of sulfides and subsequent production of nickel, copper and pyrrhotite concentrates. At separate facilities, pyrrhotite concentrate is obtained by magnetic separation. In world practice, 80% of copper is smelted from pyrometallurgical concentrates. methods. The most commonly used copper production scheme includes: smelting (mainly in reverberatory furnaces or electric furnaces), converting, fire or electrolytic. refining. To more completely extract all metals from copper concentrates, reflective smelting is being replaced by new processes (oxygen-suspension smelting, liquid bath smelting). Hydrometallurgical copper production methods are used for low-grade oxidized and native ores (selective dissolution of copper-containing minerals, electrolysis). Autoclave processes are becoming more common. Development and implementation of hydrometallurgical. schemes and improvement of prometallurgical. processes help to increase the integrated use of raw materials and intensify production.
Among foreign socialists. countries M. p. is developed in Poland, Mongolia, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. The production of copper in the SFRY and the DPRK has increased significantly.
B capitalistic countries by the beginning 20th century total ore production increased to 1 million tons, and on the eve of the 2nd World War 1939-45 exceeded 2 million tons; in the 50s - early 80s rapid growth was noted: for 1950-84 the annual volume of production among industrialized capitalist. and developing countries increased almost 3 times and reached 6.3 million tons. This means. shifts have also occurred in the placement of M. p. If in cep. 19th century Great Britain came to one of the first places in the world in copper production, then in the end. 19 - beginning 20th centuries the center of production moved from Europe to the North. America. From the beginning 60s There is a further expansion of copper ore mining in developing countries, as well as in Canada and Australia (table).

In 1984, developing states accounted for St. 60% of all ore mined; an increase in their share in copper production in the beginning. 80s due to ch. arr. increasing production in Chile, Pery, the Philippines, as well as the development of deposits in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.
The underground method provides 30% of the total ore production, 70% - open. The trend towards an increase in the share of open-pit mining is associated with the predominance of low-grade disseminated copper ores in reserves. B 1980 in industrialized capitalist countries. and developing countries operated approx. 80 actual copper mines, 60 copper-molybdenum and copper-nickel mines and 200 mines for the extraction of polymetals, in which copper is the main type of product.
K start 80s due to the nationalization of copper mining enterprises in developing countries, as well as competition between monopolies. associations of various countries to the share of 8 large copper mining monopolies, which for half a century provided up to 70% of the world's capital. mining accounted for only 25% of the total volume of copper production. C con. 70s leading positions in copper production began to be occupied by the state. companies from developing countries, which in the beginning. 80s provided St. 30% of copper production in capitalist. world.
Until sep. 60s ores and concentrates did not play creatures. roles in international copper trade. Ha ext. The market received a small amount of ores from small companies, which themselves could not carry out complete processing of raw materials. B 1965-84 world capitalist. exports of ores and concentrates increased almost 6 times due to an increase in the capacity of smelting plants in the main countries. copper consumers, as well as mining companies in developing countries, often financed by foreigners. companies on the terms of repaying loans by supplying their products. An important feature of the international copper trade is the formation in 1967 of the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries (SGPEC), which includes Chile, Pery, Zambia, Zaire, Indonesia, associated countries: Papua New Guinea, Mauritania, Yugoslavia. B beginning 80s share of ores and concentrates in total capital. exports of copper of all types amounted to (%): 25-30 (against 8 in 1965), blister copper - 15-16 (28), refined metal - 55-60 (64). Basic suppliers of copper concentrates (72% of total exports in 1984) are Canada, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Chile. The leading buyers of copper ores and concentrates on the world market are Japan and Germany (over 3/4 of total capitalist imports), whose copper smelting enterprises operate predominantly. on imported raw materials. A. N. Oglobin, G. Z. Giniyatullin, O. A. Lytkina.

• - ...

  Geographical atlas

• - the same as azurite...

  Natural science. Encyclopedic Dictionary

• - see Chalcosis of the lens...

  Large medical dictionary

• - ml, sin. azurite...

  Geological encyclopedia

• - an intaglio printing plate made by engraving on copper, as well as an imprint with...

  Brief explanatory dictionary in printing

• - see Malachite...
• - mineral of the chemical composition 2CuCO3 + Cu2. It is found in individual crystals, more often in the form of druses, aggregates, inclusions and earthy. The system is monoclinohedral; crystals are often short-columnar or table-shaped...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - Of the three coin metals, copper, as the least valuable, was almost always used only for small change, which circulated at a much higher price than its metal value...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - see the article Non-ferrous metallurgy...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - the same as azurite...

  Large encyclopedic dictionary

• - from whom. Razg. Express Same as Tinned Throat. - Well, I see that the face is familiar, and most importantly: the voice is the trumpet of Jericho. I’ve never seen anyone else have such a copper throat! ...

  Phraseological Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language

• - 1. Unlock Neglected A girl of easy virtue. UMK, 54. 2. Prikam. Expression of annoyance, disappointment, surprise. MFS, 12...
• - Simple. Same as tinned throat 2. FSRY, 108...

  Big dictionary Russian sayings

• Dictionary of synonyms

• - noun, number of synonyms: 1 mineral...

  Dictionary of synonyms

• - copper...

  Dictionary of synonyms

"Copper Industry" in books

How are copper cookware better than steel?

From the book Newest book facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

How are copper cookware better than steel? One of the main advantages of copper cookware over steel is due to the fact that copper kills germs. According to Bill Keevil from the University of Southampton (England), experiments show that E. coli survives on

"Copper Grandmother"

From the book by Natalya Goncharova author Stark Vadim Petrovich

"Copper Grandmother" From the very beginning family life Pushkin is building his relationship with the Goncharov family in a new way, and Natalya Nikolaevna is on his side. Already on February 24, Pushkin, in a completely different tone than before, writes to his wife’s grandfather. Notifying him of the event

Copper, aluminum or enameled?

From the book Original recipes jam from onions, zucchini, watermelons and flower petals author Lagutina Tatyana Vladimirovna

Copper roofing

From the book Repair and decoration country house author Dubnevich Fedor

Copper roofing Copper is the most durable and environmentally friendly material. The technologies for laying copper roofing are similar to any metal seam roofing. For example, rectangular strips of copper sheet with a thickness of 0.6–0.8 mm or diamond shapes are rolled manually or

COPPER AND UNUSABLE

From the book Your 19th Century author Eidelman Nathan Yakovlevich

COPPER AND UNUSEFUL Pushkin to Benckendorff on May 29, 1830 from Moscow: “General. I humbly ask Your Excellency to once again forgive me for my bothersomeness. My bride’s great-grandfather once received permission to erect a monument to the Empress on his estate Polotnyany Zavod

The Forbidden Pushkin (“The Copper Grandmother”)

author Razzakov Fedor

Forbidden Pushkin (“The Copper Grandmother”) In March 1972, another theatrical scandal broke out in the capital - around the play “The Copper Grandmother.” The play was written by Leonid Zorin and told about a short but very dramatic period in the life of A. S. Pushkin. Action

"Copper Grandmother"-2

From the book Scandals of the Soviet era author Razzakov Fedor

“The Copper Grandmother”-2 Scandals continue around the Moscow Art Theater play “The Copper Grandmother”. As we remember, the first scandal broke out three years ago when the Minister of Culture Ekaterina Furtseva forbade Rolan Bykov to play Pushkin. Then the leader himself decided to play this role.

Construction materials industry, forestry and pulp and paper industries

From the book Economy of the USSR during the Great Years Patriotic War(1941-1945) author Chadaev Yakov Ermolaevich

Construction materials industry, timber and pulp and paper industries In the first year of the war, a significant number of enterprises in the construction materials industry found themselves in territory temporarily occupied by the Nazi invaders. IN

V.2.5. Copper roofing

From the book Country Construction. The most modern construction and finishing materials author Strashnov Viktor Grigorievich

V.2.5. Copper roofing Copper roofing is flexible (can be crushed by hand and cut with a regular knife). Its installation is relatively simple, and in areas of the roof with a figured relief, the material can be adjusted right on the spot. Initially, copper has a light pink color, but when interacting

From the book Great Soviet Encyclopedia (ME) by the author TSB

What is a "copper monkey"?

From the book The Second Book of General Delusions by Lloyd John

What is a "copper monkey"? It has nothing to do with cannonballs. It is often said that the phrase “it’s so cold that the balls would pop out of a copper monkey” refers to a metal lattice with round holes, which was allegedly installed under the pyramid of cannonballs.

Copper roofing

From the author's book

Copper roofing For many years, copper roofing was almost never used in construction due to the high price of the material. Nowadays, improved technologies for installing copper roofs have made it one of the most popular luxury roofing materials. The classic copper roof first has

Content

Introduction 3
1. General characteristics copper industry 4
2. Characteristics of the Russian copper industry 8
2.1 Raw material base of the Russian copper industry 8
2.2 Analysis of the modern copper industry in Russia and the Urals 10
Conclusion 15
References 17

Introduction

Non-ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction, beneficiation and metallurgical processing of ores of non-ferrous, precious and rare metals, including the production of alloys, rolling of non-ferrous metals and processing of secondary raw materials, as well as diamond mining. Participating in the creation of structural materials is increasingly high quality, it performs essential functions in the conditions of modern scientific and technological progress. One of the key branches of non-ferrous metallurgy is the copper industry.
Copper is one of the first metals of human civilization. The oldest copper objects and pieces of ore were discovered at excavations of early agricultural settlements in Western Asia. Copper alloys were the main material for the production of tools and weapons in the Bronze Age. The oldest bronze tools found in Southern Iran, Turkey and Mesopotamia date back to the 4th millennium BC. e. In Russia, the copper industry arose at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1630-1653. Pyskorsky and Kazan plants were built in the Urals.
The purpose of the work is to study the geography of the Russian copper industry....................................

Conclusion

In conclusion, the following conclusions can be drawn.
In terms of proven copper reserves, Russia ranks third in the world, behind Chile and the United States. Copper reserves have been explored in 120 deposits, of which 52% are contained in deposits of pyrite copper and copper-zinc ores and cuprous sandstones, 45% in deposits of sulfide copper-nickel ores, 1.3% in polymetallic ores, 0.7% in tungsten and molybdenum and 0.6% - in tin. About 1% of copper reserves have been explored in gold and iron ore deposits.
The largest copper deposits in Russia are Oktyabrskoye and Talnakhskoye in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Norilsk mining region, copper-nickel ores), Gaiskoye, Podolskoye and Volkovskoye in the Urals, Udokanskoye in Transbaikalia.
Despite the presence of significant proven copper reserves in Russia, the degree of their industrial development is relatively low: exploited deposits account for less than half of all proven reserves. The development of copper ores in Russia is carried out both open-pit and underground.
In Russia, the extraction and beneficiation of copper ores is carried out by 13 mining and processing enterprises. The main amount of copper (70-75%) is mined from deposits of copper-nickel ores by enterprises of RAO Norilsk Nickel. The second largest copper mining volumes (25-27%) are pyrite copper and copper-zinc ores, deposits of which are developed in the Urals (Orenburg, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk region and the Republic of Bashkortostan) and the North Caucasus (Karachay-Cherkessia). Long-term and intensive development of copper deposits in the Urals has led to the depletion of the mineral resource base of existing enterprises.
The domestic Russian copper market is mainly determined by demand from the two largest consumers - the electrical industry and non-ferrous metallurgy manufacturing enterprises (alloys, foil, powders, etc.). Experts assess the country's modern copper industry as steadily developing.

List of used literature:

1. Vanyukov A.V., Utkin M.I. Complex processing of copper and nickel raw materials. Chelyabinsk, 1988
2. Copper smelting production – development and prospects. Alma-Ata, 1978
3. Economic geography of Russia. /Ed. Morozova T.G. –M.: UNIGI-DANA, 2001.
4. Economic, social and political geography. Regions and countries. /Ed. Lavrova S.B., Kaledina N.V. –M.: Gardariki, 2003.
5. Economic geography of Russia. /Gladky Yu.N., Dobroskok V.A., Semenov S.P. –M.: Gardariki, 1999.
6. Economic geography and regional studies. /Vavilova E.V. –M.: Gardariki, 2006.
7. Economic geography of Russia. /Ed. Vidyapina V.I. –M.: INFRA-M, Russian Economic Academy, 2006.
8. www.gks.ru – official website of Rosstat
9. www.raexpert.ru – website of RA Expert