In the endless Moscow winter, Italian memories are increasingly “overpowering”. Now I remember the sunny Italian port of Trieste, and in the past - a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory.
Trieste is located deep in the Gulf of Trieste on the Adriatic Sea, 145 km east of Venice, close to the Slovenian border. The first city walls of Trieste were built under Octavian in 33 BC. e. for receiving ships. Austro-Hungarian Trieste at the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, the pearl of the Austrian Riviera. From the moment of its formation (1860), the Italian kingdom considered the acquisition of Trieste one of the goals of its foreign policy. The Italo-Yugoslav Treaty of 1954 (with the participation of Great Britain and the United States) eventually ceded Trieste and the territories north of it to Italy.
We were traveling to Italy from Slovenia and the main goal was to visit the Miramare Palace on the outskirts of Trieste. We landed at the Unity Square of Italy. The huge square facing the sea is one of the main attractions of Trieste. This square is considered not only one of the most beautiful squares in Italy. It is known that in Europe there are only three squares with direct access to the sea: in Venice, Trieste and Lisbon. The square was designed in 1879 by the architect Bruni, but in 1999 it was completely modernized. In fact, the idea of “turning the city towards the sea” came to mind back in the eighteenth century, Maria Theresa, the Austrian Archduchess, mother of Marie Antoinette, who personally oversaw the construction of Trieste.
The center of Trieste, which combines the features of Austrian and Italian influence, pleased with its elegance, festivity and free sea wind. As usual, the photos and videos taken are edited as impressions of this city - this is the main square of the Unity of Italy, and the remains of ancient Roman buildings - the ruins of a theater, Orthodox Church St. Spyridon, the Church of San Antonio Nuovo at the end of the Grand Canal, the monument to James Joyce at the bridge over the Grand Canal, romantic castle Miramare mid-19th century.
Unfortunately, the video about Trieste was blocked on YouTube by the copyright holder of the sound recording -Percy Faith & His Orchestra. It's a pity, of course, the music was very suitable. You'll have to re-edit the video.
The sad and beautiful Miramare Castle left an unforgettable impression. It is located on the Adriatic Sea, at the tip of Cape Grignano in the Gulf of Trieste, and is surrounded by a luxurious park with valuable plant species. The castle building is built from Istrian stone and follows the shape of a rock outcropping. Everything here amazes: the beautiful landscape, the decoration of the castle, the thoughtfulness of the landscape solutions, the small pier. The castle was conceived in the mid-nineteenth century by Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian of Habsburg (1822-1867), the younger brother of the Austrian Emperor Franz Joseph, to live there with his wife, Charlotte of Belgium (1840-1927), daughter of the Belgian King Leopold I. They lived in the castle only 4 years...
Read more about the romantic history of Miramare Castle and its interiors in the video
A city in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, the administrative center of the province of the same name. In the past - a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory. Trieste is located in northeastern Italy on the border with Slovenia. This is a major port, operating since 1719, and the only place in the Adriatic where the natural depth of the sea allows it to accommodate the largest ships.
Trieste is mentioned by Caesar in his Notes on the Gallic War as Tergeste. The first city walls were built under Octavian, who in 33 BC. He also ordered the bay to be adapted for receiving ships. Tergest later found itself in the shadow of nearby Aquileia. In the Middle Ages, it was a significant trading center, for which various states fought. In the V-IX centuries. Trieste was conquered by the Ostrogoths, Byzantium, Lombards, and Franks. The Italian king Lothair II in 947 made it a free community led by a bishop-count. In 1202 it was captured by the Venetian Republic, for a long time tried to free himself, appealing to the help of the emperor and the Habsburgs. The last townspeople swore allegiance in 1382.
Although for centuries it remained the main (and sometimes the only) port of the Habsburg Monarchy, its development was so slow that at the beginning of the 18th century it was an unremarkable, sleepy town with a population of 5.7 thousand inhabitants. Charles VI of Habsburg, preoccupied with establishing sea communications with the newly acquired possessions in southern Italy, declared Trieste a free imperial city in 1719.
The privileges granted by the emperor marked the beginning of the rapid growth of Trieste. In 1797 and 1805 it was occupied French troops, annexed by France in 1809 and until 1813 was part of the Illyrian provinces. By 1891, when the rights of the free city were revoked, Trieste had grown 27 times. Two thirds of the population at that time were Italians. Austro-Hungarian Trieste at the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, and moreover, the pearl of the so-called. The Austrian Riviera, where the upper echelons of Viennese society spent the winter months.
After World War I, 1914-1918, it became part of Italy. In 1943, during the 2nd World War of 1939-1945, it was occupied by Nazi Germany. On May 1-2, 1945, it was liberated by the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army; on June 9, 1945, Anglo-American troops entered the city (they were there until 1954).
The fate of Trieste has long been the object of diplomatic struggle. According to the peace treaty with Italy (February 10, 1947), Trieste with a small district was allocated to the “Free Territory of Trieste” and received the status of a free port. However, the conditions for the existence of the “Free Territory of Trieste”, defined by the peace treaty (demilitarization, withdrawal of foreign troops, democratization, etc.), were not observed. According to the Italo-Yugoslav agreement of 1954 (negotiations were conducted with the participation of Great Britain and the USA), the area of the “Free Territory of Trieste” was liquidated, Trieste and the territory adjacent to it in the west (223 km 2) ceded to Italy, the territories east of Trieste (about 520 km 2) passed to Yugoslavia. In 1975, Yugoslavia and Italy signed the Treaty on the State Border in the Trieste Area.
One of the city's attractions is the San Giusto Castle, crowning the hill of the same name. It was built in the 14th century by order of Frederick III of Austria for his governor in these lands. Now behind the thick, green fortress walls, which offer a fantastic view of the city, there is a weapons museum.
For a person interested in history, walking around Trieste is a pleasure. Although this city is largely medieval, earlier civilizations also left their mark here. There is a mini-Romanesque forum here, right at the foot of the fortress on the same hill. An arch has been preserved in the old town - a fragment of a Romanesque wall dating back to the 1st century BC. In the 30s of the 20th century, an entire Romanesque theater was discovered during excavations. Now it is located quite far from the sea, but once it was built almost at the water's edge. Since ancient times, the sea gave way to land, on which a port was founded.
The city center is the main Plaza Unita Italia, facing directly to the sea in the old port area, and behind it stretches the main shopping street Corso Italia. Initially, this square was simply called Grande, or “big”. It began to acquire its current appearance in the 19th century, when luxurious palaces - palazzos - grew up along its perimeter one after another. Today they house the governor's palace, the government building of the region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, to which Trieste belongs, and the government building of the province of Trieste.
The Church of Sant'Antonio Taumaturgo, crowning the Canale Grande, is somewhat reminiscent of buildings from the Mussolini era. All the bulky buildings of Borgo Teresiano (new town) contrast strongly with the old town, which from the castle along the hill of San Giusto descends to the sea. The old town, although small, is very cozy and nice with its narrow streets, each of which, even one door long, has its own name. In the vicinity of the city there is a large grotto (“Grotta Gigante” in the natural park “Val Rosandra”), the romantic castle of Miramare (mid-19th century), and the medieval castle of Duino. And also the house in which James Joyce wrote “Ulysses”, the German concentration camp “Risiera di San Sabba”.
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Coat of arms of Trieste |
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| Country | Italy |
| Administrative divisions of Italy | Friuli Venezia Giulia |
| Provinces | Trieste (province) |
| Postal code | 34100 |
| Dialing code | +39 40 |
| Time zone | UTC+1, in summer UTC+2 |
| ISTAT | 032006 |
| Official website | http://www.comune.trieste.it/ (Italian) |
| Square | 84.49 km² |
| Center height | 2 m |
| Density | 2,445 people/km² |
| Official language | Italian |
| Coordinates | Coordinates: 45°38′00″ N. w. 13°48′00″ E. d. / 45.633333° n. w. 13.8° E. d. (G) (O) (I)45°38′00″ N. w. 13°48′00″ E. d. / 45.633333° n. w. 13.8° E. d. (G) (O) (I) |
| Ethnobury | triestini |
| Population | 205,374 people (2008) |
Trieste (Italian and Ven. Trieste, Friulian Triest, Slovenian and Croatian Trst, Latin Tergeste, Tergestum) is a city in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia, the administrative center of the province of the same name. In the past - a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory.
Trieste is located inland in the Gulf of Trieste on the Adriatic Sea, 145 km east of Venice, close to the Slovenian border. According to the 1991 census, the city's population was 231 thousand; and in 2007 - 203,356 people. The patron saint of the city is the martyr St. Justus of Trieste. The city holiday is November 3.
Story
Trieste is mentioned by Caesar in his Notes on the Gallic War as Tergeste. The first city walls were built under Octavian, who in 33 BC. e. He also ordered the bay to be adapted for receiving ships. Tergest later found itself in the shadow of nearby Aquileia.
In the Middle Ages, it was a significant trading center, for which various states fought. The Italian king Lothair II in 947 made it a free community led by a bishop-count. In 1202 he was captured by the Venetian Republic, and for a long time tried to free himself, appealing to the help of the emperor and the Habsburgs. The last townspeople swore allegiance in 1382.
Although for centuries Trieste remained the main (and sometimes the only) port of the Habsburg Monarchy, its development was so slow that at the beginning of the 18th century it was an unremarkable, sleepy town with a population of 5.7 thousand inhabitants. Charles VI of Habsburg, preoccupied with establishing sea communications with the newly acquired possessions in southern Italy, declared Trieste a free imperial city in 1719.
The privileges granted by the emperor marked the beginning of the rapid growth of Trieste. By 1891, when the rights of the free city were revoked, Trieste had grown 27 times. Two thirds of the population at that time were Italians. Austro-Hungarian Trieste at the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, and moreover, the pearl of the so-called. The Austrian Riviera, where the upper echelons of Viennese society spent the winter months.
From the moment of its formation (1860), the Italian kingdom considered the acquisition of Trieste one of the goals of its foreign policy and, under the guarantees of the Pact of London (under which the Entente countries promised Trieste to the Italians), it entered the First world war. As a result of the war, not only Trieste, but also almost the entire Austrian Maritime region, from which the Venezia Giulia region was formed, went to Italy.
From 1943 to 1945, during World War II, Trieste was under German occupation; Risier di San Sava concentration camp operated here. Ruled by Anglo-American military authorities from 1945-1947; in 1947-1954, Trieste with a small district constituted the so-called. The free territory of Trieste is under the control of these authorities. According to the Italo-Yugoslav Treaty of 1954 (with the participation of Great Britain and the USA), Trieste and the territories to the north of it passed to Italy, and the territories south of Trieste to Yugoslavia (after its collapse, divided between the Slovenian Littoral Region and the Croatian County of Istria).
K: Appeared in 1849 K: Disappeared in 1919The Austrian Littoral was a multinational entity. Italian, Slovenian, Croatian, German, Friulian and Istro-Romance were spoken here. In 1910, the area of Kystenland was 7969 km², and the population exceeded 894 thousand people. The main industrial center was Trieste - the main seaport Austria-Hungary. The economy of other coastal areas was tied to agriculture and on tourism (the Adriatic coastal strip was dubbed the Austrian Riviera).
After the loss of these provinces, Austria finally lost access to the sea.
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Links
- // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
An excerpt characterizing the Austrian Maritimes
- Non, Andre, je dis que vous avez tellement, tellement change... [No, Andrei, I say: you have changed so, so...]“Your doctor tells you to go to bed earlier,” said Prince Andrei. - You should go to bed.
The princess said nothing, and suddenly her short, whiskered sponge began to tremble; Prince Andrei, standing up and shrugging his shoulders, walked around the room.
Pierre looked in surprise and naively through his glasses, first at him, then at the princess, and stirred, as if he, too, wanted to get up, but was again thinking about it.
“What does it matter to me that Monsieur Pierre is here,” the little princess suddenly said, and her pretty face suddenly blossomed into a tearful grimace. “I’ve been wanting to tell you for a long time, Andre: why did you change so much towards me?” What have I done to you? You're going to the army, you don't feel sorry for me. For what?
- Lise! - Prince Andrey just said; but in this word there was a request, a threat, and, most importantly, an assurance that she herself would repent of her words; but she continued hastily:
“You treat me like I’m sick or like a child.” I see everything. Were you like this six months ago?
“Lise, I ask you to stop,” said Prince Andrei even more expressively.
Pierre, who became more and more agitated during this conversation, stood up and approached the princess. He seemed unable to bear the sight of tears and was ready to cry himself.
- Calm down, princess. It seems like this to you, because I assure you, I myself experienced... why... because... No, excuse me, a stranger is superfluous here... No, calm down... Goodbye...
Prince Andrei stopped him by the hand.
- No, wait, Pierre. The princess is so kind that she will not want to deprive me of the pleasure of spending the evening with you.
“No, he only thinks about himself,” said the princess, unable to hold back her angry tears.
“Lise,” said Prince Andrei dryly, raising his tone to the degree that shows that patience is exhausted.
Suddenly the angry, squirrel-like expression of the princess’s beautiful face was replaced by an attractive and compassion-arousing expression of fear; She glanced from under her beautiful eyes at her husband, and on her face appeared that timid and confessing expression that appears on a dog, quickly but weakly waving its lowered tail.
- Mon Dieu, mon Dieu! [My God, my God!] - said the princess and, picking up the fold of her dress with one hand, she walked up to her husband and kissed him on the forehead.
“Bonsoir, Lise, [Good night, Liza,”] said Prince Andrei, getting up and politely, like a stranger, kissing his hand.
The friends were silent. Neither one nor the other began to speak. Pierre glanced at Prince Andrei, Prince Andrei rubbed his forehead with his small hand.
“Let’s go have dinner,” he said with a sigh, getting up and heading to the door.
They entered the elegantly, newly, richly decorated dining room. Everything, from napkins to silver, earthenware and crystal, bore that special imprint of novelty that happens in the household of young spouses. In the middle of dinner, Prince Andrei leaned on his elbow and, like a man who has had something on his heart for a long time and suddenly decides to speak out, with an expression of nervous irritation in which Pierre had never seen his friend before, he began to say:
– Never, never get married, my friend; Here's my advice to you: don't get married until you tell yourself that you did everything you could, and until you stop loving the woman you chose, until you see her clearly; otherwise you will make a cruel and irreparable mistake. Marry an old man, good for nothing... Otherwise, everything that is good and lofty in you will be lost. Everything will be spent on little things. Yes, yes, yes! Don't look at me with such surprise. If you expect something from yourself in the future, then at every step you will feel that everything is over for you, everything is closed, except for the living room, where you will stand on the same level as a court lackey and an idiot... So what!...
He waved his hand energetically.
Pierre took off his glasses, causing his face to change, showing even more kindness, and looked at his friend in surprise.
“My wife,” continued Prince Andrei, “ beautiful woman. This is one of those rare women with whom you can be at peace with your honor; but, my God, what I wouldn’t give now not to be married! I’m telling you this alone and first, because I love you.
Prince Andrei, saying this, looked even less like than before that Bolkonsky, who was lounging in Anna Pavlovna’s chair and, squinting through his teeth, spoke French phrases. His dry face was still trembling with the nervous animation of every muscle; the eyes, in which the fire of life had previously seemed extinguished, now shone with a radiant, bright shine. It was clear that the more lifeless he seemed in ordinary times, the more energetic he was in these moments of almost painful irritation.
A city in the Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, the administrative center of the province of the same name. In the past - a free imperial city, the capital of the Austrian Primorye, a separate free territory. Trieste is located in northeastern Italy on the border with Slovenia. This is a major port, operating since 1719, and the only place in the Adriatic where the natural depth of the sea allows it to accommodate the largest ships.
Trieste is mentioned by Caesar in his Notes on the Gallic War as Tergeste. The first city walls were built under Octavian, who in 33 BC. He also ordered the bay to be adapted for receiving ships. Tergest later found itself in the shadow of nearby Aquileia. In the Middle Ages, it was a significant trading center, for which various states fought. In the V-IX centuries. Trieste was conquered by the Ostrogoths, Byzantium, Lombards, and Franks. The Italian king Lothair II in 947 made it a free community led by a bishop-count. In 1202 he was captured by the Venetian Republic, and for a long time tried to free himself, appealing to the help of the emperor and the Habsburgs. The last townspeople swore allegiance in 1382.
Although for centuries it remained the main (and sometimes the only) port of the Habsburg Monarchy, its development was so slow that at the beginning of the 18th century it was an unremarkable, sleepy town with a population of 5.7 thousand inhabitants. Charles VI of Habsburg, preoccupied with establishing sea communications with the newly acquired possessions in southern Italy, declared Trieste a free imperial city in 1719.
The privileges granted by the emperor marked the beginning of the rapid growth of Trieste. In 1797 and 1805 it was occupied by French troops, in 1809 it was annexed by France and until 1813 it was part of the Illyrian provinces. By 1891, when the rights of the free city were revoked, Trieste had grown 27 times. Two thirds of the population at that time were Italians. Austro-Hungarian Trieste at the turn of the century is one of the largest ports in the Mediterranean, and moreover, the pearl of the so-called. The Austrian Riviera, where the upper echelons of Viennese society spent the winter months.
After World War I, 1914-1918, it became part of Italy. In 1943, during the 2nd World War of 1939-1945, it was occupied by Nazi Germany. On May 1-2, 1945, it was liberated by the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army; on June 9, 1945, Anglo-American troops entered the city (they were there until 1954).
The fate of Trieste has long been the object of diplomatic struggle. According to the peace treaty with Italy (February 10, 1947), Trieste with a small district was allocated to the “Free Territory of Trieste” and received the status of a free port. However, the conditions for the existence of the “Free Territory of Trieste”, defined by the peace treaty (demilitarization, withdrawal of foreign troops, democratization, etc.), were not observed. According to the Italo-Yugoslav agreement of 1954 (negotiations were conducted with the participation of Great Britain and the USA), the area of the “Free Territory of Trieste” was liquidated, Trieste and the territory adjacent to it in the west (223 km 2) ceded to Italy, the territories east of Trieste (about 520 km 2) passed to Yugoslavia. In 1975, Yugoslavia and Italy signed the Treaty on the State Border in the Trieste Area.
One of the city's attractions is the San Giusto Castle, crowning the hill of the same name. It was built in the 14th century by order of Frederick III of Austria for his governor in these lands. Now behind the thick, green fortress walls, which offer a fantastic view of the city, there is a weapons museum.
For a person interested in history, walking around Trieste is a pleasure. Although this city is largely medieval, earlier civilizations also left their mark here. There is a mini-Romanesque forum here, right at the foot of the fortress on the same hill. An arch has been preserved in the old town - a fragment of a Romanesque wall dating back to the 1st century BC. In the 30s of the 20th century, an entire Romanesque theater was discovered during excavations. Now it is located quite far from the sea, but once it was built almost at the water's edge. Since ancient times, the sea gave way to land, on which a port was founded.
The city center is the main Plaza Unita Italia, facing directly to the sea in the old port area, and behind it stretches the main shopping street Corso Italia. Initially, this square was simply called Grande, or “big”. It began to acquire its current appearance in the 19th century, when luxurious palaces - palazzos - grew up along its perimeter one after another. Today they house the governor's palace, the government building of the region of Friuli Venezia Giulia, to which Trieste belongs, and the government building of the province of Trieste.
The Church of Sant'Antonio Taumaturgo, crowning the Canale Grande, is somewhat reminiscent of buildings from the Mussolini era. All the bulky buildings of Borgo Teresiano (new town) contrast strongly with the old town, which from the castle along the hill of San Giusto descends to the sea. The old town, although small, is very cozy and nice with its narrow streets, each of which, even one door long, has its own name. In the vicinity of the city there is a large grotto (“Grotta Gigante” in the natural park “Val Rosandra”), the romantic castle of Miramare (mid-19th century), and the medieval castle of Duino. And also the house in which James Joyce wrote “Ulysses”, the German concentration camp “Risiera di San Sabba”.
